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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Triple Alliance
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Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
-1882 until World War 1 in 1914 -Planned attack on France, mainly Germany and Italy |
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Triple Entente
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-Entente means agreement
-loose agreement between France, Britain and Russia -The alignment supplement with alliances with Japan, United States and Spain |
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Neutrality
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Neutral sides in war
-Including United States -Nations that did not want to and no initiative of getting involved in war |
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Balance of Power
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Stability between competing forces
-it expresses the doctrine intended to prevent any one nation from becoming Sufficiently strong so as to enable it to enforce it’s will upon the rest. |
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Mobilization Plans
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How a country gets ready for war, plans for war
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Serbia
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Austria invasion in 1914, Divided Army to fight Russia and Serbia, Bulgarian and Austria Invasoin in 1915, Conquest of Serbia, 275,000 soldiers died, 400,000 civilians died
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Schlieffen Plan
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Germany’s strategic plan for victory both on the Western Front against France and against Russia in the East.
-It was executed in the early World War 1 with near Victory -Modifications resulted in years of trench Warfare - Failed because of British Resitiance, Expeditionary Forces, Speed of Russian Mobilzation, French railways, Role of Italy in Romania, Logisitics failures, change to the plan and poor planning |
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Conscription
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Also known as the draft
-Involuntary labor demanded by an established authority |
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Sarajevo
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- Sarajevo is the capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- In 1914 it was the site of the assassination that sparked World War I, while -Seventy years later it became the host city of the 1984 Winter Olympics. |
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British Naval Blockade
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The British block around Germany with boats
-Purpose was to block out trade boats and allow no trade with the triple Alliance -Caused German Citizens to die of starvation |
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German U-Boats
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refers to military submarines operated by Germany, particularly in World War I And World War II
- The primary targets of the U-boat campaigns in both wars were the merchant convoys bringing supplies from the British Empire and the United States to the island of Great Britain |
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Lusitania
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- was a Lusitania-Class British luxury ocean liner
- torpedoed by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915 - The great ship sank in just 18 minutes, eight miles (15 km) off the Old Head of Ireland killing 198 of the 1,959 people aboard |
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One-sided neutrality
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US did one-sided neutrality
-A Neutral nation to war that helps out a country they are aligned with. |
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Zimmerman Telegram
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Jan. 19th, 1917 offer to Mexico to join central powers, given Southwest, Intercepted by British Rejected April 1917
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Colonel House
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-Leading advisor of Woodrow Wilson
-Loved the British |
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Espionage and Sedition Acts
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Made it illegal to make public anti-war statements
-Used it to suppress anti-war activism -Made it illegal to publish anti-war statements -Eugene Debs was sentenced 10 years in prison because he called it a capitalist war |
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Committee on Public Information
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-Sought to control public opinion by newspaper and manipulate
-Walter Lipman- nephew of Freud Lipmann -150,0o0 people in company line to support the war -Did newspapers, Radio, posters, movies, speeches etc. -75,000 were called the four minute men: because they delivered special bulletins to groups |
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14 Points
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Woodrow Wilsons’s
-It was to assure that the Great War was being fought for moral cause and Post war peace -Speech was delivered 10 months before the war ended |
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Paris Peace Talks
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The negotiation to end World War 1
-Not everyone has the same idea as Wilson, everyone else want to cut German to pieces but US does not -The food blockade was lifted in 1920 -750,000 civilians died due to blockade |
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Flu Pandemic
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The flu began in the US
-And was traveled by US troops to Europe -50 million dead -Strong strain maybe the Bird Flu |
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Treaty of Versailles
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The Treaty that ended World War 1
-Created War guilt -De militarized Rhineland -100,000 German Army -French gained control of Saraland |
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“Reservations”
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-No damage to the treaty, wants to take it to American people to free
Support (Wilson’s Campaign tour) - |
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Henry Cabot Lodge
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Wilson VS. Senate
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The Red Scare
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Occurred in Russia
-Caused fear of Communism -America being anti-communism -A bomb went off in front of Attorney general Palmer’s house and he thought it was the communists and the Unionists -Killed Sacco and Vanzetti who were Italians that were anarchists that didn’t believe in government -150,000 names |
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Palmer Raids
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10,000 arrested without warrant or hearing
-(who they thought to be communists) -against political opponents and labor activists -Kept people afraid to keep him in power so he could make efforts to rid communists |
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1919 Newport Sting
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-Navy was concerned with gays in the military
-FDR was in charge of the 1919 new port sting -They recruited straight men in to try and make relations with gay men to Catch them in action -Major scandal in 1920 |
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A Return to Normalcy
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-Because of all the law changes, we would now return back to Normalcy
-Reduction of Federal Government -Rejection of internationalization and rest of world -Liberated the Economy -Released political prisoners -Relaxation of war time |
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Consumerism
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-Stoves and refrigerators came out
-New hygiene products -Lipstick and hair products came out -More advertising for these products -Mouthwash -Radios |
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Flappers
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Part of Woman movement in 1920’s
-Woman who used birth control -Woman who began smoking and drinking -Woman doing what they used to never do -1920’s age of the flapper -Dancers (But eloquently and showed lots of skin) -Not as high class as burlesque |
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Prohibition
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The banning of Alcohol
-Different ethnicities type of drink -18th amendment in 1919 but because of concern with immigrants -Rise of the gangsters occurred during this time -Became a symbol of new culture |
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Speakeasy
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-Underground drinking after prohibition
-there was dancing, it was a way to get away from prohibition |
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Gangsters
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Gangsters rose during Prohibition
-Gangsters like Bonnie And Clyde (robbers) and Al Capone of Chicago |
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Klu Klux Klan
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-best known for advocating white supremacy and acting as terrorists while hidden behind conical hats, masks and white robes
-Against African Americans, Jews and other minorities -Original plan was to restore White supremacy but turned into something That was not planned -There was a rebirth of the KKK during this time era -Controlled a lot of the Democrat Party -Wilson was for segregation |
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Scopes Trial
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Scopes Monkey Trial
- made it unlawful, in any state-funded educational establishment in Tennessee, "To teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught In the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals -Trial created a critical turning point in US creation evolution controversy -William Jennings Bryant was a Witness that for the school teacher to throw out school teacher for teaching evolution |
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Modernists
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People that followed modernism, modern thought, character
-Came about at the late 19th century and early 20th century -People that wanted to move on from the traditional art, music etc. |
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Fundamentalists
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- refers to a belief in, and strict adherence to a set of basic principles (often
Religious in nature), sometimes as a reaction to perceived doctrinal compromises With modern social and political life |
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Warren G. Harding
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was the 29th President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death from a heart attack or stroke, in 1923
-Republican from Ohio -Conservative -Died during office from stroke -Bad president overall -Believed Government should be small |
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Calvin Coolidge
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was the 30th President of the United States
-Republican -Actions during Boston political strike made him a spot light -Was 29th VP but was then president after Harding’s stroke -embodied spirits of middle class |
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Great Mississippi Flood of 1927
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was the most destructive river flood in the history of the United States
-Arkansas was hardest hit -Coolidge did not visit the region -Coolidge resisted calls for federal flood control -Hoover over seed the flood control and it made him famous among the people |
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Lost Generation
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phrase made popular by American author Ernest Hemingway in his first
published novel The Sun Also Rises -Literature -Art Deco |
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Herbert Hoover
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was the 31st President of the United States
-Republican -Once US secretary of commerce -Hoover Dam -Quaker -Family died while he was in young age -German Father |
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Crash of 1929
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Also known as great crash
-Wall street crash -Most devastating stock market crash in American History |
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Dust Bowl
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-was a period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands from 1930 to 1936
-caused by severe drought coupled with decades of extensive farming without crop rotation or other techniques to prevent erosion -Great Plains |
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Bonus Army
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Bonus March in Washington DC
-17000 World War 1 veterans and their families |
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FDR
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32nd President of the United States.
-Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945 and is the only U.S. President to have served more than two terms -Created New Deal |
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New Deal
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Created by FDR
-provide relief for the unemployed, recovery of the economy, and reform of the Economic and banking systems, through various agencies |
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Banking Holiday
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Came out of the Emergency Banking Act by FDR
-March 5, 1933, the day after Roosevelt's inauguration, he called a special session Of Congress which instituted a mandatory four-day bank holiday. This act provided for the reopening of banks after federal inspectors had declared them to be financially secure |
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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
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-Created by glass Steagall act
- It provides deposit insurance, which guarantees the safety of deposits in member Banks Security Exchange Commission (SEC) -is an independent agency of the United States government which holds primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry, the nation's stock and options exchanges, and other electronic securities markets. |
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Kellogg-Briand Pact
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Outlawed offensive war signed by most nations
-Used in WW2 -Crime trials -All use of force -Now termed for defense or intent to declare war |
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Mussolini
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-Italian
-Communist and nationalist -Exiled to Switzerland -He stays true to socialism, however also supported and entry into war because he is nationalist -He supports Italy entry to World War 2 and also fought in WW2 -Organized Fascist Party in 1919 |
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Fascism
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-Public works
-Organized violence - self sufficiency -Rome is Great we need to be Roman -Advocate the single party state -Strong can survive and be healthy by assimilating them self in combat against the weak |
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Weimer Germany
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Liberal Democracy
-Germany without the war damage -The German disarmament -Rhineland demilitarized -Hyper inflation -Increase in money, too much being printed -Bad economy |
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Adolf Hitler
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-Austrian
-1919 undercover spy -leader of Nazi Party -German politician Mein Kampf -Written by Adolf Hitler while he was in prison |
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Dust Bowl
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was a period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands from 1930 to 1936
-caused by severe drought coupled with decades of extensive farming without crop rotation or other techniques to prevent erosion -Great Plains |
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FDR
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32nd President of the United States.
-Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945 and is the only U.S. President to have served more than two terms -Created New Deal |
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New Deal
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Created by FDR
-provide relief for the unemployed, recovery of the economy, and reform of the Economic and banking systems, through various agencies |
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Banking Holiday
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Came out of the Emergency Banking Act by FDR
-March 5, 1933, the day after Roosevelt's inauguration, he called a special Session of Congress which instituted a mandatory four-day bank holiday -This act provided for the reopening of banks after federal inspectors had declared them to be financially secure |
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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
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Created by glass Steagall act
- It provides deposit insurance, which guarantees the safety of deposits in member Banks |
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Security Exchange Commission (SEC
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-is an independent agency of the United States government which holds primary
responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry, the nation's stock and options exchanges, and other electronic securities markets. |
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Public Works Administration
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provided employment
-stabilized purchasing power -part of the New Deal |
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National Recovery Administration (NRA)
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-Failed
-blamed for the increase in money -set minimum wages -maximum hours -no child labor -set prices |
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Wagner Act
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National Labor relations act
-it protected most workers in private sectors and labor unions |
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Social Security Act
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-encompass several social welfare and social insurance programs
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Court-packing
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FDR proposed a change in the federal judiciary to congress
-Wanted to expand the Supreme Court -basically wanted him to be able to get any law passed -People were staying his new deal program was unconstitutional -Congress denied |
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Roosevelt Recession
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Recession of 1937
-Pre War -part of the great depression of the US -Roosevelt had to end the new deal spending |
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American Liberty League
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was created in order to fight the new deal labor and social legislation
-rally support for the conservative dominated supreme court -Didn’t like new deal |
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Huey Long
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American politician
-Share of our wealth program -“Every man a king” |
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Father Coughlin
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Started through radio, big hit
-talked about concerns over money power Washington Naval Conference -Conference held by President Harding in Washington DC -Russia was not invited and 9 nations attended -Resulted in 3 major treaties -4,5 and 9 power treaty - primary objective of the conference was to restrain Japanese naval expansion in the waters of the west Pacific |
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Kellogg-Briand Pact
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-Outlawed offensive war signed by most nations
-Used in WW2 -Crime trials -All use of force -Now termed for defense or intent to declare war |
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Mussolini
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Italian
-Communist and nationalist -Exiled to Switzerland -He stays true to socialism, however also supported and entry into war because he is nationalist -He supports Italy entry to World War 2 and also fought in WW2 -Organized Fascist Party in 1919 |
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Fascism
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Public works
-Organized violence - self sufficiency -Rome is Great we need to be Roman -Advocate the single party state -Strong can survive and be healthy by assimilating them self in combat against the weak |
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Weimer Germany
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Liberal Democracy
-Germany without the war damage -The German disarmament -Rhineland demilitarized -Hyper inflation -Increase in money, too much being printed -Bad economy |
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Adolf Hitler
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Austrian
-1919 undercover spy -leader of Nazi Party -German politician |
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Mein Kampf
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Written by Adolf Hitler while he was in prison
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Smoot-Hawley Tariff
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-said to be the highest tarrif
-on imported goods |
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Good Neighbor
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FDR promotes the good neighbor policy
-Hoover promoted US to be good neighbors to Latin America -attempt to improve trade relations |
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Manchurian Crisis
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China in constant state of upheaval
-1931 the Japanese occupied Manchuria -Hoover said it was right for Manchuria to be Chinas but Japan still got it |
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Ethiopian Crisis
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Italian Invasion on Ethiopia
-Mussolini’s Army |
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1936 Olympics
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Ideas of Olympic came from Adolf Hitler
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Jesse Owens
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US Olympic and fastest man in world, but it was the time of a racist country and when he got back to America he was poor because he got
-Hitler congratulated him while US did not |
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Spanish Civil War
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conflict in Spain
-resulted in overthrow of Republican Party |
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Sino-Japanese War
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-Between China and Japan for control over Korea
-Invaded and conquered most of China |
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Rape of Nanking
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-1937
-Japanese or imperial army forced and marched into Chinas capitol city of Nanking and killed over 300000 people -pretty much massacred everyone -single worse killing in one event -lots of murder and raped -nobody was spared |
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Austrian Anschluss
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When Austria was merged into Germany
-And forced to become Nazi’s |
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Appeasement
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negotiation and compromises
-settlement -policy settlement international -satisfaction -avoiding armed conflict |
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Manhattan Project
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conducted during World War II primarily by the United States, to develop the first atomic bomb
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Potsdam
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-Conference was when Stalin, Churchill, and Truman divided up Germany after the surrender of Germany
-The agreement was the decisions of what was done with Germany -Potsdam declaration which defined terms of surrender of how the Japanese Surrendered -Big 3 met here -Issued by Truman, Churchill chiang Kai-shek -But Japan did not surrender till after bombings |
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Hiroshima
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US atomic bomb
-In Japan -President Truman ordered it in 1945 -15 days Japan surrendered |
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Nagasaki
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US atomic bomb
-In Japan -President Truman ordered it in 1945 -2nd bombing |
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Munich Conference
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an agreement involving Czech
-an act of appeasement - The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of Czechoslovakia in the face of territorial demands made by German dictator Adolf Hitler. The agreement, signed by Germany, France, Britain, and Italy permitted German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. The Sudetenland was of immense strategic importance to Czechoslovakia, as most of its border defenses were situated there. |
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Appeasement
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negotiation and compromises
-settlement -policy settlement international -satisfaction -avoiding armed conflict |
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Neutrality Acts
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Mandatory Arms embargo on both sides of conflict
-president must warn foreign travelers that in the protection of rights that there is no reason for war Stalin -Leader of the Soviet Union -was a member of the big 3 -Was for the Axis powers, but after WW2 had conflict with Truman and the US |
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Phony War
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twilight war
-By Winston Churchill -Phase in WW2 -military operations in Europe -declared war but significant act |
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Blitzkrieg
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-When Germans flew aircraft with tanks following
-quick attack -immediately following the bombing tanks would come in and clean everything up |
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Panzer
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German Tank
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Heinz Guderian
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German General during WW2
-Chief of staff army -commander of panzer army |
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Rommel
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German official in WW2
-became known for skillful military campaigns -was in charge of troops during Normandy -Thought to be best commander of desert warfare in ww2 |
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Vichy France
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ection within France that was collaborating with Germany
-term used to described gov. of france from 1940-44 |
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Douglas MacArthur
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Top of his class at WestPoint
-often criticized for disobeying commands -WW1 hero and refused to put a gas mask on now -aid to Teddy Roosevelt |
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Rosie the Riveter
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-“We Can Do It”
-big inspiration -poster child for war -gave hope to America -added flair to sexuality |
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Patton
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Key figure in WW2
-Germans feared Patton -Olympian -Born Rich -WW1 tank Commander -believed strength and military strength will lead to sucess |
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Stalingrad
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The turning point battle
-Located in Russia -bloodiest battle in modern history -nearly 2million people died -Germans tried to take Stalingrad but they were unsuccessful |
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Island Hopping
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Us capture key islands until Japan came in range for American bombers
-led by Macarthur -successful for US |
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D-Day
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Invasion at Normandy
-was a huge loss of American lives -but overall successfu |
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George Marshall
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American
-Great and Brilliant -Never voted -Army chief of Staff -No Combat experience -FDR promised him invasion of Normandy but he didn’t allow it |
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
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-Commander in Chief (made by George Marshall)
-Like Marshall was brilliant and smart -no experience in WW1 -Aid to Macarthur |
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Operation Market Garden
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Thought it was a good idea but ended up being unsuccessful
-parachute in the Netherlands -largest airborne operation of all time -objective was to capture bridges over Germany |
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Battle of the Bulge
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-Last time the Nazi’s tried attacking US
-Last big German Battle -Germany was defeated by US -Hitler was basically retreating |
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Tokyo Firebombing
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ncluded most destructive bombing raid in history
-Doolittle raid was the first raid -US army air forces bombed Tokyo |
