Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Milne advice on participles
-order always strictly chronological -try and just have one main verb per period -no perfect active participles (try to use deponents) -perfect participle passive (ablative absolute-although this can be used with pres active participle -me epistolam legente, mater domum intravit) |
-no p's for esse: use abl abs phrases like senatu nolente, senatu invito, patre meo auctore (my father suggesting), nullo hoste viso etc.
eg. itinere decem milium passuum confecto, laeti in arborum umbra sedimus/navibus portum relinquentibus etc. Intransitive vbs (ppp can't be used in an abl abs, no passive) -cum, ubi, postquam -but present participle can be used with this sort of construction (pueris ad domum venientibus duo equi ex agro cucurrerrent.) |
|
|
p12 no7
After selling all his gold and silver plate he wished to go to America. He had heard that in that country it was possible to buy a farm cheaply. When he reached the harbour, he heard that a great storm had arisen and that he could not sail for 10 days. He was so angry at the delay that he decided to buy a small ship and become a merchant. |
omnibus autem aureis argenteisque pateris venditis, cum in Americam iter facere vellet, quod in illa terra vil fundum emere licere audivisset, ubi ad portum advenit, certior factus magna tempestate orta decem dies se non posse navigare, mora tam iratus est ut parva nave empta, mercator fieri constituerit.
|
|
|
p11 no2
The consul Servilius had engaged in skirmishes with the Gauks and had taken one town by storm, when a report was brought to him about the death of his colleague. Fearing that he would not be present at such a critical moment, he at once gave the signal to break camp and began to march straight for Rome. |
consul Servilius, gallos in pugnis commisis, uno oppido expugnato (not expugno), de conlegae morte//conlegam mortuum esse// epistulam accepit//cum ei nuntiatum (neuter-ei) esset. veritus ne in discrimini tanto (my ans-in tempore tanta gravis) non adsit (fears for fut, in past time passage-adesset), signo statim dato (signum dedit) ut castra moverent, et Romam recto (itinere) iter facere/contendere coepit.
|
|
|
p11 no 3
Scipio stayed for two days near the river which flowed between his army and that of Domitius. On the third day he led his forces across and pitched camp. The next day he led his soldiers out in the morning and drew up the army in line of battle in front of the camp. |
Scipio, postquam prope flumen quod inter exercitum suum (doesn't need to be sui, already an adjective of possession) Domitique dies duos manserat, tertio die copiis traiectis et castris positiis, postridie mane militis eductis in acie pro castris instruxit.
|
|
|
ex I-5
Though no opposition was offered he advanced with all caution through the field to the cave. He entered quietly but saw at once that the treasure had been taken away. He did not wish to return without accomplishing anything, so he determined to find out, if he could, if anyone had recently seen the men in the neighbourhood of the cave. |
Qui, nullo resistente, tamen, per agrum ad speclucam quam cautissime progressus, tacite ingressus, statim ubi thesaurum ablatum esse vidit, qui re infecta redire nolebat, cognoscere constituit, si posset, num quis homines prope speluncam nuper vidisset.
|
|
|
Milne's participles advice II
-when to use abl abs? (only when it doesn't describe something which is an integral part of the sentence) so sentences like rex vulneratus e proelio discessit a) mercatori pecuniam ab argentario acceptam dedi (When I had received the money from the banker, I gave it to the merchant.) b) principis deprehensi filiolum interfecerunt (after they seized the chieftain they killed his little son) |
c) dux militi arcessito praemium dedit (the general summoned the soldier and gave him the reward)
d) ex urbe capta cives expulit (he drove the citizens out of the town after he had captured it) -with these uses of the participle, remember to put any dependent words in the correct order: avunculus tuus a seditiosis (insurgents) se dedere tandem coactus (compelled), filios duos a turre vocatos hortatus est ut fortes essent. |
|
|
Milne's participles advice II (a)
pres part active-may only be used for an action simultaneous to the main verb a) milites proditorem fugientem deprehenderunt b) fur vestimenta pueri se lavanti abstulit |
Future participle
-rarely found as an abl abs -going to do, intending to do, on the point of doing "he intended trying to"=he, about to try to ille eo die trans fretum natare conaturus// aegre eum in flumen se proiecturum retinuimus// just as we were going to set out nobis profecturis certamen dilatum (differo-postpone) esse nuntiatum est. (we were told that the match had been postponed.) |
|
|
(b) the fut participle may also be conjugated with pres/imperf tenses to translate expressions of intention
biduo (in two days) at te venturus sum ( i intend to come to you |
mihi non dicere poterat quid facturus esset (what he intended doing)
-remember dep verb participles active |
|
|
Ex II-1
For four hours we advanced through this trackless forest without seeing a single human being. We felt quite sure we had lost our way and began to despair of ever reaching our native land. Then it was that our leader said "I promise that if you are willing to follow my advice, you will reach the sea in safety." |
Itaque (introductory particle) quattuor horas per hanc inviam silvam nullo homine viso, progressi, cum pro certo haberemus nos de via eravisse ita ut desperaremus nos ad patriam umquam adperventuros esse, tum demum nobis dux: "promitto/pollicitor" inquit "si consilium meum sequi volueritis, vos ad mare, tuto/incolumes perventuros esse
|
|
|
Ex II-3
The two horses were terrified by the crash of falling trees. Their driver, a very old man, was violently flung from the wagon and they began to gallop wildly down the street. Suddenly a young man very courageously seized the reins and brought the horses to a standstill before they could escape. |
cum igitur, duo equi fragore (crash) arborum cadentium, territi essent, auriga (driver), sene maxime nata (aetate provectus-advanced in age), e plaustro violenter diecto, per viam praecipitis (praeceps-wildly, not emotional) currere coeperunt.
Deinde/dein iuvenis quidam, frenis magna cum audacia raptis, equos (antequam/priusquam effugerent-they might) coercuit (coerco-cui,ercitum-to bring to a standstill-he stopped) |
|
|
Ex II-4
I was going to do this, when-always cum (not ubi) Caesar had been warned by a soothsayer to beware of the Ides of March. On that day he was about to set out to the Senate-House when his wife, who had been terrified by a dream, implored him not to go out of the house. However, he told her that nothing could now stop him from being present, as he had no wish to be thought a coward. |
Caesarem, ut Idus Martias caveret ab haruspice quodam monitum (having been warned to) et eo die ad curiam profecturum, uxor, somnio territa, ne domo discederet obsecravit. cui tamen (to her he denied that anything) ille negavit quicquam, cum ignavus videri nollet (subj-clause is dependent on indirect speech) ,se impediturum esse quin inter patres adesset.
Mistakes:"proficiscaturus erat"/proficiscor-icisci-profectus -autem always second word "ei dixit nihil nunc" "had no wish to be thought"=non cuperet not nullam spem haberet |
|
|
Ex 2-7 One day a merchant overtook on the road another, who was carrying a large sum of money with him, and by chance put up at the same inn. During the night the innkeeper silently entered their room while they slept and killed the merchant who had the money. He took the gold away and put the blood-stained sword into the other's sheath, as though it was he who had killed the rich man.
|
Olim (enim?) mercator in via/in itinere alterum qui multam pecuniam secum portantem consecutus, forte in eandem cauponem devertit(put up in-turn off the road). Noctu (during the night, rather than nocte at night) dein, caupo cubiculum eis dormientibus silentio ingressus, mercatore qui pecuniam habebat interfacti er auro ablat, gladium cruentum alterius vaginam inposuit, quasi esset ille qui divitem necavisset (plpf subj hanging on esset)
|
|
|
Ex II-9 (elicitum iri/fore ut eliqueretur)
After accomplishing this Domitius hoped that Scipio would perhaps be lured out to battle. He therefore pretended that it was owing to lack of supplies that he was breaking camp and moving to another place. Scipio, who was prepared for a pursuit, felt that he ought not to let slip this opportunity for fighting, so he sent on his cavalry to try to find out where Domitius was marching. |
Quibus rebus factis/gestis (done in war), Domitius spervait fore ut Scipio fortasse (adv) in proelium/ad pugnam eliqueretur. Simulavit etenim, propter commeatus inopiam, castris motis (not castra movere-two infs) se locum alium iter facere.
Scipio autem (subordinate 2nd word-or tamen) insequi paratus, ratus hanc pugnandi occasionem (or proeliandi-proelior-ari) praetermittere (/pratermittendam esse) non oportere (not oportuit), qui quo Domitius contenderet cognosceere conarentur equites emisit (praemisit-sent ahead, not out) |
|
|
Milne on abstract nouns
-must try to use vbs -try to keep the subject a person/concrete thing- instead of saying "the no of his forces was no longer a secret"= since he knew how many forces he had |
qua de re certior factus dux, cum iam cognosceretur quot copias haberet et quando profecturi essent et quo iter facturi essent, intellexit se nihil facere nisi recedere posse (only option to retreat), quod sui, si morati postea caperentur (having delayed and then been captured) , summa crudelitate interficerentur.
|
|
|
Milne on abstract nouns 2
adj/adv + vb can replace some awkward expressions suffer a severe wound=gravissime vulnerari (superlative adverbs are useful) entertain great fears for someone=multum metuere alicui |
Indirect questions
-volo scire quando/quo die venturus sit (the date of his arrival) the reason for their cowardice is clear=it is clear why they are cowards (apparet quamobrem ignavi sint) -remember tenses scimus quis sit/scivimus quis esset |
|
|
Milne on abstract nouns 2
-use participles "the soldier's boastful words"=the boasting soldier's qords (militis gloriantis verba) "on his deathbed"=ille moriens" "how important it was for them" ille moriens filiis dixit QUANTUM recte vivere IPSORUM INTERESSE. |
-abl abs "the capture of the city filled all with terror" =urbe capta,
"the threats of the tyrant"=minante tyranno -predicative dative -linking nouns between two sentences: "his purpose was/with the result that=ut" "the fact that"=quod |
|
|
qua re audita, Nicias statim tria castella (forts) in colle, qui limini imminebat (overlooked the harbour), munire constituit quod non iam (no longer)Syracusa a terra facile oppugnare poterat.
neque libros quos cupiebam tulisti neque fratri meo epistulam dedistu, ut (with result that) mihi statim Londinium proficiscendum sit |
quod iuvenes litteras habebant documento erat (was a oroof) coniurationem inivisse (acc inf-that they had formed a conspiracy)
|
|
|
Ex III-1
The advance of the Persians towards Athens caused universak consternation. The spartans and their allies urged on the Athenians the abandonment of their city and a retreat to the Peloponnesus. Themistocles, however, knew the courage of his citizens and decided on resistance to the foreignors. |
Persis Athenas progressis (not persae progressi, there is not another vb to go with them), omnibus veritis Lacedaemonii sociique Athenarum cives (acc, not civibus) hortati sunt ut, Athenis relictis, ad Peloponnesum se reciperent. Thermistocles autem, cum cives fortes esse sciret (not cognosceret-get to know), (not se) barbaros resistere consituit (plain inf with con-not se resisturos)
|
|
|
Ex III-2
The next day the ships' captains engaged in a lengthy discussion (discussed for a long time) on the question of retreat. At last they reached their decision, namely, to stay in their present position until the arrival of relief. Their reason was that the abandonment of their own colonists to the savagery of the natives would be a disgrace to their native land. |
postridie(postero igitur die), navium praefecti (not magistri) num se reciperent diu collucti, rati, (acc/inf) si suos colonos saevis barbaris reliquissent (plupf), patriae dedecori fore (fut esse),eodem in loco manere dum/donec novae copiae pervenirent (impf) tandem constituerunt.
|
|
|
Ex III-3
Your son's death at the hands of those cut-throats is a source of great grief to me. Nevertheless, knowing his determination to die with honour rather than live in disgrace, I cannot help feeling that you rejoice a little at his brave action. |
filii tui mortus sicariis mihi maximo/magno dolori est/cum enim fillius tuus ab illis sicariis occisus sit, hoc mihi magno dolori est./, tamen, cum /eum cum honore/honesre moti wuan cum dedecore vivere maluisse (cum if it accompanies like a person) honestum mori potius quam dedecori esse cupidavisse sciam, non possum facere quin putem/sentiam te paululum/paulo gaudere eum tam fortiter se gessisse/egisse.
|
|
|
Ex III-4
One day his father, who was already advanced in years was walking through a wood. Feeling tired with the heat he asked a ploughman the distance to the town. The ploughman's advice was not to go through the wood as, owing to the destruction of the bridge, many people had fallen into the river and had been drowned. |
et olim, pater eius (not suus-always refers to subj), iam aetate provectus, per silvam ambulans cum calore/aestu defessus esset, aratorem (quendam) (not aratri) quam longe oppidum abesset rogavit (not postulavit-demand is too strong). arator (qui tamen eum) ne per silvam iret (ire pergeret-continue, go on doing +inf) monuit, quod multi, ponte deleto (interru(mpo)pto),in flumen lapsi, (avoid and) demersi perissent (attracted into subj because of the quod). (not abl abs-multi as subj) demersus (adj) pereo -to drown.
|
|
|
Ex III-7
No-one knew the old man's identity nor the length of his imprisonment. The magistrates accordingly were at first in doubt as to whether or not he should be released. At length a clerk informed them that ten years previously he had been thrown into prison without a trial on a charge of attempting to give assistance to some nobles. |
cum igitur nemo (can't do "with no-one knowing"-pres part to give a reason is forbidden) sciret quiS senex esset, neque quam diu in carcerem/in vinculis fuisset (plupf subj-past tense +ending), magistratus primo dubitabant utrum liberandus esset necne. Itaque tandem (adv of time) scriba eos certiores fecit decem ante annis in carcerem eum coniectum/iactum esse causa indicta quia quibusdam nobilibus opam fere/succurrere/subvenire/(auxilium/opem fero) conatus esset (people have just said this.)
|
|
|
NB: tamen is first word only when answering "although", otherwise 2nd
et in rates inpositis ad oppidum pervenire conari constituerunt |
flumine usi-having used
|
|
|
Additional exercises on the period-3
At that time, owing to the large amount of trees that were burning, they were given no opportunity to see what was happening in the valley. They nevertheless decided that they ought to get together as many horses as they could, put them on rafts and endeavour to reach the town by way of the river. Their purpose was to rescue the women and take them to a safe place in the mountains. |
eo tempore, cum tot arbores arderent (incendo-trans ardeo-intrans), eis nulla occcasio quid in valle accideret videndi data est (gen frame on occasio). ut tamen feminas servatas ad locum tutum in montes (acc better than in montibus-situm-) ferrent, sese quam plurimis equis collectis (coligo-got together) et in rates impositis, flumine ad oppidum pervenire conari debere constituerunt.
conari + inf prelative inf (carries forward the sense) |
|
|
Additional exercises on the period-12
Then Caesar withdrew from oricum the legion which he had stationed there to guard the coast. He felt that he ought now to advance further afield and make an attempt upon the provinces. So when envoys came from Thessaly to promise that the states of that nation would carry out his commands if he sent a garrision, he dispatched thither Cassius Longius with a legion of recruits and two hundred cavalry. |
Dein (not etenim, means "for indeed") Caesar, ratus se (iam), longius/ulterius (not longior) progressus (not progredi et) impetum in provincias facere debere (not se oportere), Oriico legionem quam ibi ad oram maritimam custodiendam/ut oram custodiret/ posuerat subduxit (deduxit). Ubi igitur legati a/e Thessalia (country not a town-no preps) venerunt, qui pollicerentur/ut civitates gentis eius imperata (caeseris, si praesidium mitteret,) facturas esse, promitterent, eo Cassium Longinum curo tironum legione ducentisque (must go on first word) equitibus misit.
|
|
|
Milne on oratio obliqua??
|
??
|
|
|
Milne on the continuous passage
|
xx
|
|
|
Exercises in continuous prose-1
The Romans were now in great distress: their fields had been ravaged in war and serious famine was impending. Just then Gelon, king of Syracuse, dispatched ships laden with corn and other necessities to relieve their distress. As soon as they arrived, the Senate began to discuss ways and means of distributing the corn. |
x
|
|
|
Exercises in continuous prose-1 (b)
Some gave it as their opinion that it should be given to the poor, others for it to be sold at a small price. Coriolanus, however, was very angry and had no wish for these concessions to be made to the plebeians. "why" he said "do they ask us for corn? Have they not their own tribunes? Let them either return to the Sacred Mount or give up their tribunes." |
x
|
|
|
Exercises in continuous prose-2
Once upon a time there lived in Sicily a beautiful maiden called Persephone. She was the daughter of the goddess Ceres. One day, while she was playing in the fields with her companions, she was seized and carried off by the king of the underworld. When Ceres heard this she was distracted, as though she was never likely to see her daughter again. |
quondam autem in Sicilia habitabat virgo pulcherrima/olim p. pulc. in S hab/ Persephone nomine (cui nomen erat P), quae filia dead Cereris erat. quae, in agris olim cum comitibus ludens/dum..ludit/ A rege barathri rapta ablata (no need for que) est/rapta a tartari rege abl est/ quare cum ceres audivisset (Ceres igitur, hac re audita), obstupefacta est (not erat), quasi (+ subj) filiam numquam iterum visura esset.
|
|
|
Exercises in continuous prose-2 b
She asked many farmers if they had seen her daughter, but non-one knew the whereabouts of the girl. At last, weary with her wanderings, she sat down on a stone,. While she was weeping a little girl came out of a nearby cottage and said to her "Do not grieve, but help us. For my little brother is ill, and my mother is afraid he will die." |
dein multos agricolas num filiam suam vidissent rogavit, nemo tamen ubi filia esset sciebat (not erat scirent.)/ quorum nemo/ itaque, cum diu eravisset, defessa in rupe sedit (cum errando defessa in saxo sedit), lacrimanti ei puellula e casa proxima egressa, "noli dolere (not ne doleas)" inquit "sed nobis succurrere (nos adiuva-not adiuves). nam frater meus parvus ita aegrotat, ut mater mea ne pereat vereatur."/cum aegrotet..ne moriatur timet./
|
|
|
Exercises in continuous prose-4
Gylippus, on the other hand, began to build a wall across the ridge. For this purpose he used the numerous stones which the Athenians had heaped there for themselves. His intention was to prevent, if possible, the isolation of the city from the rest of Sicily. |
Gylippus cum contra (adv, not intr particle), ut, si posset, urbem a cetera Sicilia intercludi prohiberet, murum trans iugum aedificare coepisset (plup), ob hoc (acc..ut hoc faceret) multis per saxis quae Athenienses ibi sibi congesserant (plup) usus est. (intention-action).
interrumpo-cut off a bridge/intercludo-cut off the city |
|
|
When he thought that suitable moment had come, he led out his troops and drew them up in front of the fornifications: but owing to the walls his cavalry could be of no service to him.
|
dein, occasionem sibi datam esse rato (he becomes dat of prosum/cum putavisset, ratus esset), copiis eductis (atque/et) pro (+abl) munimentiis instructis (participles, can't say but), propter moenia, equites illi/ei prodesse non potuerunt.
|
|
|
He was thus defeated and compelled to withdraw inside his own fortifications.Afterwards he called his soldiers together and pointed out that the mistake was not theirs, but his: he urged them to remember that they were not inferior to the enemy in courage, and he promised to lead them out again.
|
sic igitur, victus/superatus et intra sua munimenta se recipere coactus, militibus convocatiis non eos sed se ipusm eravisse affirmavit (declare, point out.) eos hortatus ut meminissent se hostibus virtute non/haud inferiores/minores esse, se illos iterum educturum esse promisit.
meminerint (perf) but past time-is in imperfect (plupf form for memini) |
|
|
Exercises in continuous prose-5
Caius Marcus was a youth of a very noble Roman family. he was brought up by his mother Volumnia, a stern and proud Roman matron. |
Gaius AUTEM Marcus, iuvenis genere nobili (not nobile) ortus, (A) matre Volumnia, matrona severa superbaque eductus,
iuvenis nobilissima gente ortus, a matre volumnia, quae superba severaque matrona Romana erat, educatus, |
|
|
When he was 17 he won a civic crown for saving a fellow-citizen at the battle of Lake Regillus: but he gained his chief fame in the Volscian war.
|
septendecim annos natus, (IN PRETIO) prope Regillum lacum, gesto (having fought), cive servato (more often civi)
civi in proelio prope r lacum gesto, servato/ coronam civicam adeptus, (TAMEN-1st word here) inter bellum contra Volscos (in bello..gesto)(FACTUS/GESTUS), notissimus factus est (maxime insignis est factus) |
|
|
For the Romans attacked Corioli, a Latin City which at that time had fallen into the hands of the Volsci. But the assailants were driven back by the garrison. Then C. Marcius rallied the fugitives, drove back the pursuers and took the town by storm.
|
cum Romani Coriolos (r enim c), oppidum latinum (not am), quae eo tempore volscorum in manibus erat/in v-orum manus venerat, oppugnavissent
/ob hoc fortissimum factum/propter quae fortissima facta,(AB) urbe capta (quam ceperat) Coriolanus appellatus est adorti, a praesidio repulsi sunt. quos quidem Marcius cum ad proeliandum iterum incitavissent, per(or con)sequentibus pulsis/actis oppidum expugnavit |
|
|
For this brave conduct he was named Coriolanus, after the city he had captured.
|
propter quae fortissima facta, ob hoc fortissimum factum (AB) urbe capta Coriolanus appellatus est
a-from, usually has to be said, except for "by" e.g he was hit by a man |
|
|
Notes for Caius Marcus
ortus de/ genitive septendecim annos natus (not est) Volscian war-bellum contra V-os incito-rouse not bravery: on account of this very brave deed |
appello-given a special name
from the city he had capture, Coriolanus he was named (perf passive) adorior-iri dep: attack proelior-ari-atus to make war (deps do have gerunds- active and fut part) |
|
|
connecting word:
1)connecting relative (QUI) incld. qua-where, quo to where 2) words such as tum/deinde 3) autem second word at opening (can mean but but also moreover/now) 4) clauses- no use of and! use participles etc for action happening afterwards |
1st word: nam (for), ergo
itaque usually 1st 2nd: tamen, igitur, enim, autem, vero (but) |
|
|
Ashdowne/Morewood XI
When Cicero discovered that he had been proscribed by Marcus Antonius, he fled to his villa at Formiae near the sea. |
Cicero autem, cum se a Marco Antonio proscriptum esse (not proscrivisse-passive!) cognovisset, ad villam Formianam (or Formiae), quae prope mare (not marem-neuter!!) erat, fugit.
|
|
|
Ashdowne/Morewood XI
He went to the harbour hoping to board a ship, but adverse winds stopped him from sailing. |
dein, postquam ad portum, cum speraret (not speratus!! not dep) se(se) navem conscensurum esse, iit, venti adversi (not insecundi?) eum navigare prohibuerunt.
|
|
|
Ashdowne/Morewood XI
Now he was tired of both flight and life and decided to returen to his villa. "I shall die," he said, "in the fatherland which I have often saved." |
Iam (not DE, just +abl) fuga defessus vitaque, cum ad villam regredi (not se regrediturum esse-constituo takes plain inf) constituisset, "moriar" inquit (not dixit) "in patria quam saape servavi."
|
|
|
eum, not se, because taedet is impersonal
|
/
sed, cum eum et fugae et vitae iam taederet (wearied him) ad v. regredi constitut. nam, "moriar equidem (for my part, indeed, i am concerned)...quam totiens conservavi. (tam saepe not as good as totiens) |
|
|
Ashdowne/Morewood XI
While he was being carried there in his litter, the assassins arrived. |
quo (1) question (2) adv of place
dum lectica portatur/dum eo sicarii advenerunt. |
|
|
Ashdowne/Morewood XI
Although his slaves wanted to fight on his behalf, he told them not to do so. |
quamquam servi (not servi tamen) pro illo pugnare volebant, eis ne ita agerent (not agant-past time) imperavit./ cum servos, qui pro eo pugnare vellent (imperfect subj of concession), vetuisset atque.. (cum + veto, no iubeo/neg or impero ne)
|
|
|
Ashdowne/Morewood XI
He ordered his litter to be put down and offered his neck to the assassins. |
deinde, lecticam deponere servis iussis, cum sicariis ceruicem obtulisset/
atque lecticam ut deponeretur imperasset (plupf subj), ceruicem siccariis obtulit. |
|
|
Ashdowne/Morewood XI
They cut off his hands also because they had written against Antonius and sent them back to Rome with the head. |
manus praecisas, quae contra antonium (acc) scripserant (not scriverunt), Romam cum capite remiserunt.(manus praecisae.. remissae sunt (perf)
qui (sicarii) manus quoque (put 2nd), quae contra A scripsissent (plupf subj of alleged reason), praecisas... |
|
|
Ashdowne/Morewood VI
Extremely disturbed by the warnings of her sisters, Psyche began to wonder if she had married a serpent. |
Psyche autem (A) sororibus monita, et valde commota/permota/perturbata
scire velle coepit num serpentem (m/f) nupsisset. |
|
|
"Unless my sisters are deceiving me" she thought, "I am in great danger." If her husband had not returned that night, Psyche would still be happy.
|
"nisi sorores me decipiunt" putavit, "magno in periculo sum."
Si maritus eius, illa nocte, non regressus esset, Psyche adhuc laeta esset. |
|
|
But, (because) she had been inflamed with anxious fear (no abstracts!), she had hidden a razor with the purpose of killing him, and, when he was sleeping, she brought out the razor and lamp which she had also hidden. She then saw that her husband was that most sweet God Cupid, and, thoroughly frightened, she decided to kill herself. (mortem mihi conscisco-ere-ivi-itum)
|
Sed metu anxia inflammata, novaculam causa necandi eius/ad eum necandum celaverat, et (+imp subj) dum dormit/cum dormiret, novacula et lucerna quam (acc-object of) quoque celaverat, producta, ubi (cum, ubi, ut, postquam) illum dulcissimum deum Cupidem maritum suum esse vidit, perterrita, mortem sibi consciscerere constituit.
|
|
|
This she would have done, had not the razor slipped from her hand. At length she began to love the husband whom she could now see. "I would die if he left me" she thought.
|
quod fecisset, sinon/nisi/ni novacula e manu elapsa esset. Tandem igitur, maritum quem iam (no nunc in past time) videre poterat, amare coepit. "Moriar, si me relinquet (hypothetical-future)", rata est.
hypothet-past (plupf) pres-imperfect |
|
|
Ashdowne/Morewood XII
Once a show of wild beasts was seen at Rome. All the animals were savage, but one lion was especially fierce. A slave of the consul was lead into the arena to fight it. praecertim/praecipuae (valde)-certainly (or superl) |
olim-adv of time, not conj
ubi (cum autem-weak) olim Romae ferarum spectaculum videbatur, cum omnia animalia ferocia/saeva essent, tamen quidem leo magnissimus (ingens stronger) erat, quocum servus consulis ut pugnaret in arenam ductus est. |
|
|
The whole crowd became silent because they wondered whether the slave would turn and run or fight with the lion, The lion, after approaching the man, suddenly stopped, and then, embracing him, licked him with his tongue. All were so astonished at this that they shouted with joy.
|
Quia scire volebat num servi retro vertoreret cucurreretque aut leonem pugnaret, tota turba silenta facta est. Quem, cum homini adpropinquavisset, eum lingua demulsit. Omnia tam obstupefacta sunt ut laeta exclamarent.
/utrum+servus+fut subj having turned, would run (retro veruss, cursurus esset), cum leone pugnaturus esste, tota turba/multitudino tacuit. (imperf?) |
|
|
The lion, after approaching the man, suddenly stopped, and then, embracing him, licked him with his tongue. All were so astonished at this that they shouted with joy.
|
at (strongest word), leo ubi/ut +perf indic appropinquavit, subito consituit, dein eum amplexus propter/ob hoc adeo obstupefacti erant ut gaudio clamaverint (perf-result is vivid)
|
|
|
Ashdowne/Morewood XIII
Because I am an old man, I cannot walk easily. But once, when I was young, I was accustomed to wander in the mountains so that I could enjoy the pleasures of such a journey. |
cum autem (intro particle), quia iam senex sum, facile ambulare non possim (pres subj). (cum senex iam sim, non facile..possum).
Olim tamen, in montibus errare solebam ut tali itinere fruerer. (tamen, ubi iuvenis eram (indic), in montibus, ut talis itineris voluptate fruerer, errare solebam. |
|
|
I used to set out from home at dawn and at midday I often stood on the top of a mountain from where I could see the countryside.
|
Itaque solis ortu domo profectus, saepe meridie in summo monte stabam under amoenum rus (not rurem-neut) spectare/aspicere(not videre) poterem (purpose-so not potebam).
|
|
|
I used to set out from home at dawn and at midday I often stood on the top of a mountain from where I could look at the pleasant countryside.
|
Itaque solis ortu domo profectus, saepe meridie in summo monte stabam unde amoenum rus (not rurem-neut) spectare/aspicere(not videre) poterem (purpose-so not potebam).
nam domo prima luce profectus, meridie in s monte, under rus amoenum spect. possem (from where I might..), saepe stabam. |
|
|
If I had the strength, I would still do this.
validus preferable to fortis |
si vires mihi iam essent, hanc rem adhuc facerem (not facio!)/ quamquam haec, si mihi vires essent, adhuc facerem (imperf-i would still do)
|
|
|
An old man, however, cannot do many things. He must sit in his garden reading a book and drinking wine, and...
|
at senex multa facere non potest, nam in horto sedere, librum legere, vinum bibere debet (not eum-personal vb- eum oportet.)
seni quidem (indeed) multa facere haud licet (to an old man), cui in horto, librum legenti, vinumque bibenti sedendum (intrans-neuter) est, et... |
|
|
and he is lucky if his children come to see him. But, although this is true, I am a very happy man.
|
si liberi qui eum vidant (pres not impf subj) veniunt (pres-come again-not venissent, it is not a hypoth condition), fortunatus est, sed quamvis haec res vera sit, felicissimus sum.
et fortunatus ille quem ad visendum (to visit whom- viso/visitare) veniunt liberi (at end for emphasis). quae cum ita sint, tamen me felicem esse credo. |
|
|
Ashdowne/Morewood XIV
Once a king, who had three daughters, decided to divide his kingdom into three parts, and he called everybody together and announced that he would give the largest part to the daughter who seemed to love him the most. |
itauue olim rex, cui tres filiae erant, cum regem in tres partes dividere constituisset, omnibus convocatis se ei filiae qui maxime se (not eum) diligere videretur maximam partem daturum esse nuntiavit.
olim autem rex, cui..cum regno tripertito (caesar-cic) divid. constituisset..quae se plurimum (maxime)amare videretur (quae clause trapped in indirect speech) magis (not plus) + abl of comparison/quam vitam ipsam |
|
|
Ashdowne/Morewood XIV
After he had spoken, the two elder girls said that they loved him more than life itself, but they were lying in order that they might get what they wanted. |
quibus (rebus) dictis, cum duae natu maiores filiae vita ipsa magis sese eum amare dixissent (or dixerint-although they said), tamen ad eas res /ad ea quae ipsae cupiebant adipiscenda mentitae sunt/
comparandas (procure) quas cupiebant, mentiebantur (not mentirentur!) nanciscor-get things by chance/deliberately? |
|
|
Ashdowne/Morewood XIV
However the youngest was not able to say what she felt, because she did not want to talk about her love of her father before so many people. |
At (sed - autem is weak) natu minima (filia), quia pro tanta multitudine (pro tot hominibus) de patris amore fateri (loqui) nolebat, (ea) quae sentiebat dicere non poterat/potuit.
|
|
|
Ashdowne/Morewood XIV
The king was then so angry that her ordered her to go across the sea and gave his kingdom to the two other daughters. The youngest girl went away crying. |
Rex igitur iratus, ea trans mare (not marem!) iter facere iussa, et aliis filiabus (changes from filiis for clarity) regno dato, natu minima lacrimans abiit.
/deinde rex tam iratus erat, fuit ut ea trans mare iter...duabus reliquis filiabus (not ceteriis/aliis-other daughters) regnum concesserit (he gave) |
|
|
Ashdowne/Morewood XVII
Candaules, who at that time was tyrant of Sardis, had in his bodyguard a guard named Gyges, son of Dascylus, whom he favoured greatly and with whom he used to discuss his most important business |
Candaules, autem qui tunc Sardium tyrannus erat, inter satellites custodem Gygen nomine, Dascyli filium, cui (NOT CUIUS) magnopere favebat, et cum quo de (ABL!) negotiis gravissimis agere solebat, habebat (not habuit).
Candauli autem, qui eo tempore sardium t-us erat, erat in satellitibus (inter/ACC in/ABL) custos quidam Gyges nomine, Dascyli filius, cui magno opere (2 words) favebat, et quocum de rebus gravissimis agere solebat. |
|
|
and, being deeply in love with his wife and thinking her the most beautiful of all women, he often boasted to Gyges of her beauty
|
Qui, cum uxorem maxime diligeret, ratus eam pulchriorem (not -AM) quam alias feminas (not AE), saepe quam pulchra ESSET (not erat) Gygi gloriatus est.
cum autem maxime uxorem diligeret (result...) ita ut eam omnium mulierum pulcherrimam esse putaret, saepe quam formosa esset (indirect question dependant on gloriatus) Gygi gloriatus, olim ei... |
|
|
One day, the king said to Gyges: "I think you do not believe my words when I tell you how beautiful my wife is: wel, since eyes provide better evidence than ears, you should see her naked."
|
Olim igitur, rex Gygi "quam" inquit "pulchra (NOT -am) uxor (not -em) sit (not esse) mihi dicenti te (not tuum - revise pronouns) non credere puto: ego, cum oculorum indicium maius quam aurium (not aurum) testimonium sit, illa tibi nuda videnda est."
Olim ei "quoniam te mihi" ait, "tibi quam pulchra uxor mea sit dicenti non credere puto, cum oculis magis quam auribus credatur (dative vb-impersonal passive), nuda tibi est videnda." |
|
|
Horrified, Gyges exclaimed "Sire, what an improper thing it is that you propose! Am I to look at the queen without her clothes?
|
Gyges tamen, commotus "domine" ait, "quantum dedecus (not um-neuter of 3d) actum est quod mihi suades (confusing with actum est-it has been done?) Num reginam vestimentis (not iis) carentem aspiciam?
dein G, maxime perturbatus, "domine," inquit, "quale dedecus suades! (what sort of shameful thing you suggest!) num vestibus carentem.... |
|
|
Never, for, as they say, a woman without clothes is a woman without honour. Long ago, right and wrong were set apart, and it is only right for a man to look upon what is his own.
|
Numquam agam, nam mulier qui veste eget, honore eget, ut ferunt. Iam dudum, cum (enim not required) fas nefasque deiuncta sint, hominem solum ea quae sua sunt spectare decet.
numquam hoc agam, nam, ut ferunt, quae vestimentis, ea et decore caret. cum iamdudum fas nefasque sint (subj for cum) seiuncta (neuter of fas) hominem quod est suum, id solum spectare decet (hominem going with decet) |
|
|
Gyges said he had no doubt that the Queen was the most beautiful of women but that Candaules should not ask him to behave so shamelessly.
|
Dein Gyges, quamquam se quin regina pulcherrima (not am!! not ACC) mulierum sit (not esse) non dubitare, tamen Candaules se ut tanta cum turpitudine gereret rogare non debere, dixit.
tum Gyges negavit se dubitare quin pulcherrima e feminis regina (e+ ABL) regina esset, Candaulem tamen se ut tam impudice sese gereret rogare non debere. |
|
|
Ashdowne/Morewood XIX
Although Gyges had tried earnestly to refuse the king's demand, because he was afraid of what dreadful thing might happen if he accepted it-the matter was bound to turn out ill in the end- |
Gyges (AUTEM) cum id quod rex (ut ageret) poscebat vehementer recusare (to refuse) conatus (esset...) veritus ne, si rem effecisset, terribilia fortasse accideret (aliquid terribile) quia rem enim certe male finiturum (finior only the passive of finio-so it looks like it would finish SOMETHING) esse/ fore enim certe ut res finiretur (imperf deponent)
|
|
|
Candaules, urging him not to become distressed, said that there was nothing for him to fear either from him or his wife.
|
tamen Candaules, eum hortatus (NOT hortans) ne angeretur (angor-angi-anctus sum), (+ACC) quidquam esse quod timeret/timendum esse/ quod ei timendum sit/ neque a se neque ab uxore negavit.
|
|
|
" I am not laying a trap for you," he said. "My wife will not harm you. Besides, I will see to it that she is completely unaware that you have seen her. You can hide behind the open door of our bedroom.
|
"Insidias nec ego tibi paro" ait, "nec uxor nocebit (te laedet). Praeterea (not interea), efficiam ut (curo + gerund) illa omnino nescia sit (nesciat) te eam vidisse. Cum post ianuam apertam cubiculi celavisses, uxor (post ianuam enim apertam/nam post ianuam...dein)
|
|
|
My wife will follow me into the room the room, and she will place her clothes on the chair. You will easily be able to watch her from there before slipping away through the door as, with her back to you, she walks away from the chair towards the bed.
|
me in cubiculum secuta, in sellam (acc better- movement) vestes deponat. illinc (not eo-inde) eam spectare poteris antea (antequam) dum (ea adversa)/tergo deverto (deVERso) ad lectum a sella ambulabit (fut-as this is how they imagine it) per ianuam elapsaberis (you will slip away)
|
|
|
Just take care that she does not catch sight of you!"
|
Sed solum/modo cave ne te conspiciat!
ante/antea -before (adv) ante/priusquam +vb |
|
|
XXI
When bedtime approached, Candaules, since Gyges had agreed to the plan, finding himself unable to to avoid doing his master's bidding, brought him to the room and hid him behind the door. |
Candaules, hora somni adpetente, Gygi, qui quoniam ea quae dominus eum ut faceret postulaverat (facere-unneccessary) vitare non poterat, cum consilium consensisset, post ianuam eum celavit.
Candaules igitur, cum Gyges, qui mandata domini efficere vitare non posset, consilium consensisset, hora somni adpetente illum ad cubiculum adductum post ianuam celavit. |
|
|
Soon the queen arrived and began to undresss, putting her clothes on the chair. When she turned and started towards the bed, Gyges slipped quietly from the room.
|
Mox quidem cum regina cubiculum intravisset, vestimenta remota (not -as remotas- they are not part of anything else in the sentence!) in sellam posuit. Cum illa, retro versa, ad lectum adpropinquavisset, Gyges, e cubiculo (not -li) tacite elapsus est.
mox quidem, cum regina advenisset, ubi, vestimentiis exutis et in sellam depositis, tergo verso ad cubile progrediebatur, Gyges tacite e cubiculo elapsus est. |
|
|
She, however, at once realising what Candaules had done, did not scream or reveal her shame in any way, but instead silently resolved to take her revenge.
|
Regina tamen, postquam statim id quod Candaules fecerat (not fecisset-why subj?) comprehendit (not -sit), non modo non clamaviy nec quantum eam puderet ullo modo patefecit, sed tacite constituit ulcisici.
illa tamen, quamquam startim id quod Candaules fecerat comprehendit, neque clamans nec quantum eam facti puderet patefaciens, silentio potius ulcisci constituit. resolve-censeo-ere (senate) consituo + Inf |
|
|
At dawn she summoned Gyges, who often used to attend her and so came unsuspecting that she knew what had happened in the bedchamber the previous night.
|
prima igitur luce, Gygi, qui saepe comitabatur (not comitus est!!) ita ut quid accidisset (indirect question) eam scire haud suspicatus, venerit (perf subj of result), arcessito...
p/l/igitur gygi, qui eam comitari solebat, ita ut, nihil suspicatus eam scire quid in cubili priore nocte accidisset, veniret, arcessito.. |
|
|
"Gyges," she said, "you have two choices open to you: either you kill my husband, seize his throne and take me as wiife, or you die yourself here and now so that you are never again tempted out of obedience to the king to look at what is not yours to see.
|
"Gyga (not Gyges)" ait "unam de duabus rebus diiudicare potes: seu marito interfecto, et regno rapto, me in matrimoniam duces (not ducas- future rather than subj), seu statim morieris ut numquam quod regi (not rege) obtemperas (not ato) id quod te videre non decet, spectare alliciabis (passive-not allicias - you might BE tempted FUTURE)
|
|
|
(barlow version) "Gyges," she said, "you have two choices open to you: either you kill my husband, seize his throne and take me as wiife, or you die yourself here and now so that you are never again tempted out of obedience to the king to look at what is not yours to see.
|
"Gyga", inquit, "una tibi duarum rerum diiudicanda est: vel marito necato regnoque rapto me in matrimoniam duces, vel, ne umquam iterum, quia regi obtemperabis, quae non tua sunt, ea spectare alliciaris, illico (immediately) nunc tibi moriendum est.
|
|
|
XXII
(not completed Barlow) While Crassus was still undetermined, there came to the camp an Arab chief named Ariamnes, a wily fellow. Some of Pompey's old soldiers knew him, and remembered him to have received some kindnesses of Pompey, and to have been looked upon as a friend to the Romans, |
dum autem Crassus, adhuc dubitat, princeps quidem arabicus Ariamnes nomine, homo callidus, ad castra advenit, quem complures militum veterum (veteranorum) agnoverant, Pompeio beneficia acceptum esse, amicumque Romanorum habitum esse, meminerant. (ppf for perfect)
|
|
|
but he was now corrupted by the Parthian king's generals, and sent to Crassus to entice him from the river and hills into the wide plain,where he might be surrounded.
|
qui iam tamen, (ducibus) imperatoribus Parthorum regis pecunia corruptus, cum parthi comminus (eminus-out of their hands, far away) contra Romanos (dat-cum=alongside) pugnare nollerent, ad Crassum elliciendum a flumine collibusque in campum, ubi circum dari non posset (qui- who might entice him/ad crassum elliciendum) ei missus est
|
|
|
Notes for XII
dolosus -wily (poetic) some-aliqui, nonnulli, complures, pauci, aliquot |
where he might be surrounded-ubi circum daretur/dari (present inf passive) posset
|
|
|
XXIII
So Gyges, presented with the choice of either himself killing the instigator of the plan or being killed himself for his shamelessness,for a little while was too astounded to speak. Or: aut..aut (exclusive) vel..vel (doesn't say whether both can't be right) an-questions sive..sive (alternative conditionals) nec/neque-neither/nor |
Gyges enim, cum aut ipse consilii auctorem (instigator) necare, aut ipse causa turpitudinis interfeci (not interfactus esse-pres inf needed) ei eligendum esset, brevi tam obstupefactus erat un non posset facere quin taceret.
itaque Gyges, cui utrum (whether) consili auctorem necaret an ipse ob impudentiam interfeci pateretur diiudicandum erat (to whom a choosing had to be done), paululum tam obstupefactus erat ut loqui non posset. |
|
|
After begging the queen in vain not to force him to make such a choiuce, he chose to live and asked her how she wanted Candaules to die.
|
Qui (not ille-use connecting relative) reginam frustra precatus (not oratam) ne se eligere cogeret, cum (not se-plain infinitive) vivere constituisset, quomodo Candaulem mori (not moriri!) vellet, rogavit.
dein, reginam ne se inter tantas res (such great things) eligere cogeret (force him) frustra precatus, cum vivere constituisset, quemadmodum Candaulem mori vellet eam rogavit. |
|
|
Let us attack him, she replied, as he sleeps, in the same room where he revealed me to you.
|
Regina "eum oppugnemus" ait "dum dormIat in eadem (NEUT) cubiculi ubi me tibi patefecit," qua re...
illa "dormientem," ait, "adorioramur eum, eodem in conclavi ubi me(met) tibi patefecit." |
|
|
By nightfall all was ready, and the queen would not relent, handing him a dagger, she hid him behind the same door he had previously concealed himself behind.
|
qua re parata nocte, cum illa non mitigavisset (not non mitigata- use deponent mitigor (1) relent), cum ei pugionem tradidisset (abl abs-pugione tradito), eum post eandem ianuam postquam antea (not quam antequam) se celaverat, celavit.
nocte igitur omnibus rebus paratis, regina, quae mitigari nollet (qui + subj- to give a reason), pugione tradito eum post eandem ianuam, post quam (behind which- or qua) ille antea se celaverat, abdidit. |
|
|
Then when Candaules was asleep, Gyges crept out and struck.
|
deinde Gyges, egressus (not egreditus!!) Candaulem dormientem transfixit.
tum, dormientem Candaulem Gyges egressus transfixit. (struck) |
|
|
XXIII (B) -no Barlow version
In this way Gyges seized the throne and married the queen. However the people took up arms, enraged at Candaules' murder, in the end the usurper's supporters agreed with them that if the oracle at Delphi declared him king, he should reign, otherwise he should give up the realm. |
Itaque Gyges, regno rapto (occupato), reginaque in matrimoniam ducta, tamen populus eo Candauldem caesum erat (had been) irati, arma sumpserunt. Denique, illi, fautores eius qui usurpaverat cum populo pacti sunt ut si oraculum Delphis eum regnum pronuntiavisset, ut regeret, aliter ei regnum dedendum fore.
|
|
|
The oracle was given in his favour, but, according to the Pythian, revenge for Candaules' death would come in the fifth generation (after Gyges). He later sent great gifts to Delphi, and he reigned for thirty-eight years, during which he did little else of note.
|
Deinde, oraculum Gygi profuit, vero Pythiam secundum, in quinta post Gygen stirpe, fore ut Candales ulcisceretur (past time-otherwise ulciscatum iri/fore ut +present)
Qui donis magnis Delphes postea missis, quamquam octriginta annos regebat, nihil aliquid notissimum effecit. although facts-indic quamquam, etsi, tametsi, etiamsi) possibilities- quamvis, etsi, etiamsi (subj) |
|
|
XXV
By my books some men have been inspired not only to read but also to write. Occasionally, however, I still fear that some good men despise the very (the name of philosophy itself) name of philosophy, and wonder that I give so much time and effort to it. |
(Subordination)Cum enim alii (not a-its a thing not a person) meis libris non modum legere sed etiam scribere adducti essent (have been-perfect + have - primary tense=adducti sint?) (passive-so not aducissent), tamen interdum vereor ne quidam (nonnuli) boni nomen ipsum philosophae contemnant, et miretur me ei tantum (not tanti- so much of time) temporis laborisque dare.
|
|
|
For my part, when the republic was being governed by the men to whom it had entrusted itself, I devoted all my concern to it.
|
Equidem, ubi res publica (ab eis) hominibus quibus (not cui- remember the phrase correlative to those...who) se dederat regebatur, ei valde studui. (prorsus-utterly eam +curo-are)
|
|
|
But when a single man came to rule everything, I found I had been excluded, and finally I lost my allies in preserving the republic, excellent men though they were.
|
Sed, cum homo solus omnia regere coepisset, et postquam me (rebus) exclusum esse cognovi (I realised) (not it-remember the person, postremo, quamvis socii boni essent, eos ut res publicam servaret, perdidi (too compressed?)
|
|
|
Then I did not give myself to the grief which would have overwhelmed me if I had not fought it, nor did I flee to pleasures unworthy of a free man.
|
Ego vero, nec ei dolori, qui me obruisset (not obruaret-which WOULD HAVE) nisi restitissem, nec ad voluptates (not eis -ibus flee TO), quae libero indignae sunt, fugi.
|
|
|
XVI (not marked)
Returning home angry one day, Azora said her husband, when he asked she was angry, "I was consoling a young widow who has been building a tomb for her husband near the stream at the edge of the meadow. She has sworn to stay by the tomb as long as water flowed in the stream nearby. "Zadig, her husband, expressed admiration at a woman who had been truly devoted to her husband, Azora, however, exclaimed, "In only you knew what she was doing when I arrived: she was diverting the stream!" |
Azora, cum domum irata advenisset, mariti, postquam qua re irasceretur rogavit, "abhinc breve tempus" ait "viduae adulescenti aedificantae sepulchrum mariti propre flumen in imo prato solacio eram, quae, dum aqua in flumen vicinum fluit, se prope sepulchrum mansurum esse minatus est. Cum Zadigus maritus feminam adeo mariti studere admiratus esset, tamen Azora "si modo iam nosceres quod faceret ubi adveni, enim flumen advertebat"
|
|
|
A2 2003 (BARLOW VERSION?)
Manlius was a well known senator who seemed to the people of Rome to be very cruel.He was accused by a tribune, Pomponius, because he had punished his own son, Torquatus, without good reason. |
Hic Manlius igitur, senator notissimus (praeclarus) quem populi Romani crudelissimus aestimabant, a tribuno Pomponio cum sine populo Romano esse videbatur, quia sine ratione causa filium suum Torquatum (nomine) punivisset, accusatus est.
|
|
|
Torquatus, however, remained loyal to his father, and he thought of a dangerous but praiseworthy plan so that his father would not be MOCKED (irrideor-eri-risus sum). He went to the tribune's house and sought admission. Once inside he said that he wished to speak with Pomponius alone.
|
Torquatus tamen, adhuc patri fidelis, ne (PATER not patrem) irrideretur (quis patrem irrideret) consilium periculosum sed laude dignum cepit. Ille, igitur, domum tribuni progressus, (postquam igitur..cum iisset) postquam ut admitteretur petiit, quo ubi intravit, (ubi, postquam, simulac-can't use pluperf) se solum cum Pompeio (or Dat- soli, solius (gen/dat) like uter, unus) colloqui velle dixit.
|
|
|
When all the slaves had been sent away, he took out a knife and threatened to kill Pomponius unless he withdrew the charges.
|
servis autem demissis, cultro stricto, nisi accusationem sustuleret (sustulisset-fut perf I'll kill you unless you have withdrawn-in ACC/INf changes to pluperf) se Pomponium interfecturum esse minatus esset.
|
|
|
The tribune agreed out of fear, and thereafter it was clear that Torquatus would become a powerful leader.
|
Cum igitur tribunus hoc veritus (est), consensit, ex inde/postea Torquatum principem/potentum (not fieri-was becoming (passive)) -FORE UT/potens fieret/factum irir/fore, futurum esse.
inter omnes constabat. |
|
|
London 95 Sulpicius
then attacked the enemy infantry, and sent the consuls a report of his success. The enemy line was already beginning to waver (labare), and the news increased the enthusiasm of the conquering romans... |
Sulpicius, hostium pedites (not pedes!) aggressus, cum consulibus se rem bene gessisse nuntiavisset (not aufecisset!, or qua re,) quoniam hostium acies labare coeperat, non modo Romani victores (not victri!) plus studii habUerunt,
Sulpicius autem, hostium peditibus oppugnatis, consulibus se rem bene gessisse nuntiavit. namque (for) hostium aciE labare iam incipientE, hac re ardor Romanorum, qui vincebant, auctus est... |
|
|
But brought dismay to the hard-pressed Aequi. It was their centre which had begun to collapse, where Sulpicius' victorius charge had thrown their ranks into confusion. Then their left, too, had been compelled to withdraw by the consul's attack.
|
sed etiam Aequi laborantes (ANIMO) concussi sunt. Qurorum, quod Sulpicius prospere impetum (not us) fecerat, ordines in acie (not ei!) media (not centro!) confusi, in hac parte conlabi coepti sunt.dein, consukle adortus (not consul adortus! has to relate to rest of sentence) sinastrae copiae se recipere coacti sunt.
Sed Aedui, qui opprimebantur, desperare coeperunt. non modo medii collabebantur, quo loco Sulpicius victor, equo vectus (charge), ordines eorum confuderat, sed a sinistra etiam copiae, impetu a consule facto, se recipere coacti erant. |
|
|
On the enemy right was the hardest work: Agrippa, a splendid fighter and still in his prime, aware that matters were going worse in his sector than anywhere else...
|
atque a dextra hostium opus difficillimum erat. Agrippa enim, qui acriter pugnare solebat quique adhuc proeliando florebat, cum rem deterius in sua parte quam alibi geri sciret,
|
|
|
snatched the standards from their bearers and pressed forward with them in his own hands- and even, to encourage his men to attack more fiercely, flung some into the close-packed enemy ranks.
|
signa ab eis qui ferebant rapta manibus tenens perrexit (pergo-go forward, continue doing something), et, ad suos hortandos, quo ferocius aggrederentur, aliaquae in confertos hostium ordines proiecit.
|
|
|
At this moment there arrived a message from the consul saying that he, too, had been sucessful and was within striking distance of the enemy camp.
|
quo vero tempore a consule advenit nuntius se quoque, re bene gesta, proxime hostium castra adesse.
|
|
|
A2 2006 Alexander (english translation?)
|
x
|
|
|
London 94 Porsenna
|
x
|
