Practice Test Questions 2

Front 1

2 types of non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorder

Back 1

sleepwalking

sleep terrors

Front 2

Kleine-Levin syndrome

Back 2

episodes of hypersomnia that are associated with binge-eating and other behavioral and psychiatric disturbances

Front 3

Tolman’s Cognitive Learning Theory

Back 3

According to Tolman’s Cognitive Learning Theory, learning is the resultof conditioning and cognitive understanding. The acquisition of cognitivestructures or cognitive maps underlies the concept of latent learning orlearning that occurs without reinforcement and does not immediately manifest in performance/behavior. Place learning refers to Tolman’s description of learning places orpaths instead of a series of movements in response to specific stimuli.

Front 4

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Back 4

cognitive model of attitude change that predicts that persuasion canoccur in one of two ways--through a central and peripheral route

Front 5

Elaboration Likelihood Model- peripheral route

Back 5

The peripheral route to persuasion involves afocus on aspects that are not central to the message, but rather are peripheralto it. For example, people are influenced by such elements as theattractiveness of the speaker, the speaker’s expertise, or the speaker’ssimilarity to the listener, rather than by the message itself. The peripheralroute commonly relies on heuristics such as “beautiful people don’t lie.”

Front 6

Elaboration Likelihood Model- central route

Back 6

The central route to attitude change involvesthinking about whatever relevant information is available, and elaborating onthe message’s arguments. Taking the central route requires both the ability toprocess the message, and the motivation or willingness to think deeply aboutideas. Central attitude change is relatively enduring, resists further change,and predicts behavior.

Front 7

A highly differentiated profile on the Self-Directed Search inventorysignifies:

Back 7

onlyone of the section scores on the instrument is high.

According to Holland (1997), differentiation is defined as the level ofdefinition or distinctness of a profile and can be thought of as the differencebetween an individual’s highest and lowest summary scale score on the SDS. Ahighly differentiated profile would only have a high point code on one of thesix types.

Front 8

Profile elevation profile on the Self-Directed Search inventory

Back 8

Profile elevation is the sum of the six section scores on the instrument.

All 6 section scores on the instrument are high. is an example of high profile elevation.

Front 9

Reactance

Back 9

theory that a person will react against perceived threats to freedom bychoosing a course of action that is the opposite of what he or she is beingpressured to do

Front 10

multitrait-multimethod matrix

Back 10

- one method of assessing a test's construct validity

- The matrix containscorrelations among different tests that measure both the same and differenttraits using similar and different methodologies.

Front 11

heterotrait-monomethod coefficient

Back 11

- correlation coefficients that would appear on the multitrait-multimethod matrix,reflects the correlation between two tests that measure different traits usingsimilar methods.

-ex: the correlation between a test ofdepression based on self-report data and a test of anxiety also based onself-report data. If a test has good divergent validity, this correlation wouldbe low.

Front 12

Children's ethnic perspective-taking ability (EPTA)

Back 12

Stage 1: develops between 3 and 4 years, children can begin to describe ethnicityin terms of physical traits (e.g. skin color, clothes, physical features)

Stage 2: 5 and 9 years, they accurately apply ethnic labels to themselves andothers

Stage 3: from 7-12 years, children express a social perspective of ethnicity,including prejudice

Stage 4: between 10 and 15 years they begin to immerse themselves into theirethnic group

Front 13

Apart from benzos, what other med is effective for panic attacks

Back 13

antidepressive drugs

Front 14

Piaget's 2 stages of moral development

Back 14

Heteronomous morality: (ages 4-7yo) views rules as absolute andunchangeable and believes that punishment should fit the consequences of thebehavior (regardless of the intentions of the actor)

autonomous morality: (age 7-8) children begin to realizethat rules are determined, and agreed to, by individuals and are, therefore,alterable. They also consider the intention of the actor to be most importantin determining punishment.

Front 15

Implicit memories

Back 15

recalled without conscious effort or awareness

- Implicit memories can generally be considered the same as procedural memories, which is about how to do things. Dressing oneself and driving a car are examples of implicit/procedural memories.

Front 16

explicit memories

Back 16

retrieved with conscious awareness.

- ex: "recalling the first time you drove a car" is an explicit, episodic, conscious memory and is different than simply "driving a car."

- ex: Knowing the meaning of words involves explicit, semantic memories.

Front 17

factors that contribute to groupthink

Back 17

high group cohesiveness, homogeneous backgrounds and values, and astrong, directive leader

Front 18

serial lesion effect

Back 18

anumber of small lesions produces less deficit than one large lesion

Front 19

Criterion deficiency

Back 19

- refers to what is missed or deficient in the criterion used.

- ex: if typing speed is used as the sole criterion for determining successful job performance by a secretary, it would be a deficient criterion, since typing speed is only one of several skills needed to be a successful secretary.

Front 20

Which racial/ethnic group of adolescents is at its highest risk for suicide attempts and deaths?

Back 20

American Indian adolescents

Front 21

Which WAIS-IV subtests are considered "hold tests"?

Back 21

Vocabulary, Information, and Picture Completion

- least affected by a TBI unless they have aphasia

Front 22

analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)

Back 22

used to adjust dependent variable scores to control for theeffectiveness of the covariate, or an extraneous variable, making it easier todetermine the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable

Front 23

factorial ANOVA

Back 23

used to analyze data when a factorial design,which includes two or more independent variables, is used and the dependentvariable is measured on an interval or ratio scale

Front 24

split-plot (mixed) ANOVA

Back 24

the appropriate technique when at leastone independent variable is a between-groups variable and another independentvariable is a within-subjects variable

Front 25

multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)

Back 25

a type of ANOVAused when the study has two or more dependent variables and at least oneindependent variable

- A researcher could use the MANOVA when all the dependent variables aremeasured on a ratio or interval scale rather than using separate ANOVAs toevaluate the effects of each of the dependent variables, thus also helpingcontrol the experiment-wise error rate

Front 26

Which areas of the brain have been most consistently linked toObsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Tourette Syndrome, and Autistic Disorder?

Back 26

frontallobes and basal ganglia

Front 27

How does in vivo exposure with response prevention work according to classical extinction?

Back 27

- involves repeatedly presenting a conditioned stimulus (CS) without theunconditioned stimulus (US)

- Anxiety or fear developedthrough classical conditioning, or a pairing of a conditioned stimulus (thefeared stimulus) and an unconditioned stimulus (a stimulus that naturally causesfear)

Front 28

What is most likely to occur following the removal of a reinforcer?

Back 28

increase (response burst) and then gradually decrease

Front 29

The mum effect

Back 29

bad news is transmitted less frequently than good news because don't want to deal with the negative response of the receiver

Front 30

What kind of biofeedback is best for tension headaches? migraine headaches?

Back 30

- biofeedback works equally well for both

- tension headaches- EMG biofeedback, in which the person is trained to decrease muscletension of the facial and/or neck muscles, is the most commonly used

- migraine headaches- thermal hand warming biofeedback, whereby theperson is trained to warm his or her hands

Front 31

Right-left confusion is a characteristic of damage to which lobe?

Back 31

parietal lobe, specifically the left angular gyrus located between the parietal and temporal lobe

Front 32

Lisa Baumgartner’s study (2001) on the incorporation of an HIV/AIDS diagnosis into one’s identity identified a six-phase process including:

Back 32

1. diagnosis

2. post-diagnosis turning point

3. immersion

4. post-immersion turningpoint

5. integration

6. disclosure

Front 33

primary difference between Alzheimer's Disease and Korsakoff's Syndrome

Back 33

Alzheimer'sDisease involves both memory loss and other cognitive impairments, whileKorsakoff's Syndrome involves memory loss without the other cognitiveimpairments

Front 34

Mixed research design

Back 34

- A mixed research design has at least one between-subjects independentvariable and at least one repeated measures variable (or within-subjectsvariable).

- ex: study comparing the effects on three different groupsof subjects (i.e., a between-subjects variable) combined with the use of arepeated measures (within-subjects) variable, it would be considered a mixeddesign.

Front 35

What is needed when a multiple regression analysis is employed to predict outcome

Back 35

We need to have a high correlation between the predictor and thecriterion we're making predictions about (this eliminates two of the fouralternatives). Also, we need to have the predictors themselves be more or lessindependent of each other. That is, they shouldn't intercorrelate. If they do,then there's no point in using all of them -- if they all measure the samething, why not use just one? So, you don't want the predictors tointercorrelate

Front 36

Five-Factor model of personality- which is most associated with job success/performance?

Back 36

conscientiousness

All 5 factors are: Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (OCEAN)

Front 37

What hiring technique has the highest correlation with turnover?

Back 37

Biographical information form

Front 38

Disadvantages of repeated measures/within-subjects design

Back 38

"Autocorrelation," which means that observations obtainedclose together in time from the same subjects tend to be highly correlated.This violates the independence of observations assumption made by statisticaltests. "Practice effects," "carryover effects," and"order effects" all refer to systematic changes in subjects'performance due to prior exposure to a treatment condition or measurement.

Front 39

Krumboltz’s Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Making (SLTCDM)

Back 39

Includes four types of influences on making career decisions: geneticcharacteristics and special abilities; environmental conditions and events;learning experiences; and performance standards and values. Social learninginfluences can be positive or negative factors.

Front 40

What correlation coefficient is used to assess convergent validity?

Back 40

Convergent validity requires that different ways of measuring the sametrait yield the same result. Monotrait-heteromethod coefficients arecorrelations between two measures that assess the same trait using differentmethods; therefore if a test has convergent validity, this correlation shouldbe high.

Front 41

Cross-sequential research

Back 41

Cross-sequential research is a combination of cross-sectional andlongitudinal research. In cross-sequential research, as in cross-sectional research, subjects are divided into age groups (e.g., young, middle-aged, and old). And, as in longitudinal research, subjects are assessed repeatedly on the dependent variable over time. Because cross-sequential research combines the methodology of the two strategies, it is not associated with the limitations of one or the other.

Front 42

Eta squared

Back 42

The “amount of variability accounted for” is assessed by a squaredcorrelation coefficient. Eta squared is the square of the correlationcoefficient (i.e., the correlation between the treatment and the outcome) andis used as an index of effect size.

Front 43

Heteronomous morality

Back 43

a term use by Piaget to describe preschool children who believe thatrules are absolute and unchangeable

Front 44

If you find that your job selection measure yields too many "falsepositives," what could you do to correct the problem?

Back 44

raisethe predictor cutoff score and/or lower the criterion cutoff score

Front 45

Individuation according to Jung

Back 45

involves integrating the conscious and the unconscious elements of thepsyche and is the goal of psychological development

Front 46

The mother of a 22-year-old client of yours calls to inform you thatyour client has died. The mother requests a copy of your client's therapyrecords. You should:

Back 46

releasethe records only after obtaining a signed release from the executor oradministrator of the client's estate

Front 47

Prospective memory- what is it and what part of the brain is affected if you have a deficit?

Back 47

refers to the ability to remember to perform an action at a particular point in the future. For example, remembering to pick up the dry cleaning on the way home from work. It is not entirely clear which part of the brain is involved in prospective memory, but it has been hypothesized that the prefrontal cortex is most likely involved since it relates to executive functioning. It has also been suggested that the medial temporal area may playa role.

Front 48

Split-brain patients

Back 48

- corpus callosum is severed to reduce epileptic seizures

- there can no longer be communication between the twohemispheres.

- In the classic study with split-brain patients, the word “heart”was flashed in such a way that HE was seen in the left visual fields only, andART was seen in the right visual fields only. Because “HE” was processed onlyby the right hemisphere (remember left-side experiences are processed by theright hemisphere) and no communication could occur between the two hemispheres,patients were unable to verbalize the word. They were able to verbalize “ART”since it was flashed to the right visual fields and therefore directlyregistered in the left hemisphere.

Front 49

A split-brain patient is shown a picture of an object to his left visualfield then told to pick the object out from behind a screen. Which of thefollowing will the patient will be able to do?

Back 49

- pickthe object with only his left hand.

- The visual information about the object crosses in the patient’s opticchiasm and ends up in the right hemisphere so when the person is asked to pickout the object he will be able to correctly pick out the object because touchinformation from the left hand crosses over to the right hemisphere.

Front 50

Frontal lobe

Back 50

- located at the top front portion of each hemisphere

- critical topersonality, emotionality, inhibition, planning and initiative, abstractthinking, judgment, and higher mental functions (e.g., cognitive flexibility)

- At the back of the frontal lobes is the motor control area, involved ininstigating voluntary movement.

- Broca’s area is located in the left frontallobe, and controls the muscles that produce speech.

Front 51

Parietal lobe

Back 51

- located just behind the frontal lobes, contain theprimary sensory areas that process somatosensory information.

Front 52

Gerstmann’s syndrome

Back 52

Gerstmann’s syndrome involves lesions of the dominant parietal lobe and results in agraphia, acalculia, right-left disorientation, and finger agnosia. People suffering from finger agnosia are unable to recognize their own fingers as part of their body.

Front 53

occipital lobe

Back 53

- located at the back of the brain, house the primaryvisual cortex

Front 54

temporal lobe

Back 54

- found on the outsides of each hemisphere (i.e., abovethe temples), contain the primary auditory cortex. Along with several otherattached brain structures (e.g., amygdala and hippocampus), the temporal lobesare involved in emotional behavior and memory.

- Wernicke’s area is responsible for thinking about and interpretinglanguage.

Front 55

thalamus

Back 55

- lies below the corpus callosum.

- majorsensory relay center for the brain, receiving input from all our senses exceptolfaction (smell). It then integrates and processes this informationbefore projecting it to the appropriate cortical areas.

- critical in the perception of pain, and abnormalities of the thalamus have alsobeen linked to schizophrenia (e.g., misperceptions of sensory input)

Front 56

hypothalamus

Back 56

- lies just below the thalamus

- serves a major functionof homeostasis, which itaccomplishes through regulating the endocrine system.

- involved in temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, sex, aggression, and thesleep-wake cycle.

- functions: “Five F’s,” namely fever, feeding, fornicating, fighting, and falling asleep

- also controls cyclic sex hormone secretion (e.g., themenstrual cycle). The hypothalamus influences the gonads, which consist of theovaries and testes. The ovaries produce estrogen and the testes releasetestosterone. The gonads directly regulate reproductive functioning, and thedevelopment of secondary sexual characteristics.

- Within the hypothalamus, thesuprachiasmic nucleus (SCN) controls the body's circadian rhythms

Front 57

pituitary

Back 57

- labeled the master endocrine gland becauseit releases hormones that activate other endocrine glands

- directly involved in normal and abnormalgrowth and also influences the other endocrine glands including the thyroid,parathyroid, ovaries and testes, pancreas, adrenal cortex, and adrenal medulla

Front 58

reticular activating system (the RAS)

Back 58

- a diffuse set of cells in the medulla, pons, hypothalamus, and thalamus

- serves as a filter for incoming sensory information.

- Stimulation of this area activates the cortex into a state of alert wakefulness

Front 59

Minuchin: Structural Family Therapy

Back 59

- familyis viewed as a single, interrelated system, which is assessed along a varietyof dimensions: the hierarchy of power, the clarity and firmness of boundaries,and the significant alliances and splits (subsystems)

- healthy family: hierarchy with a strong parental coalition on thetopmost level. Boundaries are clear and firm, with flexibility that allows for autonomy and interdependence, individual growth, as wellas adaptive restructuring in response to changing developmental andenvironmental demands.

- pathology results from structuralimbalances such as a malfunctioning hierarchical arrangement, or poorboundaries that may be too rigid or too diffuse. Rigid boundaries result indisengaged or emotionally distant relationships, while diffuse boundariesresult in enmeshed relationships.

Front 60

Minuchin's three chronic boundary problems

Back 60

1. Triangulation- child is caught in the middle of the parents’ conflict, with each parent demanding that the child side with him or her. Whenever siding with one parent, they're viewed as attacking the other. The child ultimately becomes paralyzed.

2. Detouring- parents express their distress through one child, who becomes the identified client. Creates a false sense of harmony between the parents, with the parents either blaming the child as the source of the family’s problems, or uniting to protect the sick, weak child.

3. Stable coalition- one parent unites with the child against the other parent, in a rigid cross-generational coalition.

Front 61

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Back 61

- behaviors areinitially emitted in random, trial and error fashion. Those random behaviorsthat are followed by pleasurable consequences (rewards) become stronger andmore frequent while those behaviors followed by unpleasant con­sequen­ces(punishers) become weaker and less frequent.

- Thorndike later revised the Law ofEffect by deleting the part about punishers, since he did not find sufficientevidence that punishment effectively decreases behavior. Despite Thorndike’sfindings, the current theory of operant conditioning includes both punishmentand reinforcement.