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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Consciousness |
An individual’s awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal |
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Selective attention |
we attend only to certain things in the environment. We ignore other stimuli and only attend to a specific aspect of an experience. Thomas is playing his video game and unaware of his mom calling him for long |
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automatic processes |
states of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities sharon can type a text message on her phone without looking |
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circadian Rhythms |
is a daily behavioral or physiological cycle. It includes the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels. Helen working night shifts do not follow 24-hour cycle |
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REM sleep |
an active stage of sleep where dreaming occurs. An EEG shows fast waves that resemble those of wakefulness. The amount of time spent in REM sleep throughout the night changes as people get older. The longer the period of REM sleep, the more likely the person will report dreaming |
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Narcolepsy |
a sleep disorder characterized by irresistible urge to sleep |
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Opium |
derivatives of Morphine and heroin |
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Stage 1 sleep |
characterized by theta waves that are slower in frequency and greater in amplitude than alpha waves. Lea starts yawning and fights hard to stay awake. She reclines in her chair and within minutes she falls asleep with her head jerking |
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Classical conditioning |
a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response dogs salivated to more than just meat powder being placed in their mouth. |
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conditioned response |
the learned response of the conditioned stimulus - neutral stimulus that when associated with the US elicits a conditioned response Jessica loves to travel by air, however, her last three flights were turbulent, now fears flying. classical conditioning |
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Negative reinforcement |
in operant conditioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable something bad is taken away to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again. Liam is studying but disturbed by loud music, he closes the window. |
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Positive Reinforcement |
something is given as a reward to increase the likelihood of the behavior occurring again in operant conditioning, increases the frequency of a behavior |
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learned helplesness |
the organism learns through experience with negative stimuli that is has no control over negative outcomes |
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generalization |
performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation. the same response is given to the same stimuli |
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Secondary reinforcer |
a reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience. Money Dave earns an extra $1000 every time he is able to sell $10,000 worth of merchandise in a week. |
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Encoding |
the first step in memory. we take in information from the world around us |
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Divided attention |
we have to pay attention to several different things at the same time are less successful at encoding the information that are people who give full attention to the task Ashley listening to music while studying her textbook |
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Shallow Level |
when we are paying attention to the physicalattributes of a stimulus. Roger provides a vague description of the burglar. Unable to recall specific details |
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Elaboration |
the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding a person not only remembers the definition of a stimulus, but also adds meaning to it. |
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Mental Imagery |
The most powerful ways to remember information. Akira Haraguchi in 2005 recited the digits of pi to the first 83,431 decimal places. Aaron studies the human hear by forming a picture in his mind |
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Sensory Memory |
the system of memory that holds information for time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds Echoic memory - Audio Iconic memory - Visual Jackie walks through the park. hears dogs, children laughing, smells flowers trees, sees couples in love, families together. |
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Short-Term memory |
can store information for a longer period of time than sensory memory about 30 seconds.Mostpeople can hold about 7 bits +2 or –2 of information in short-term memory Chunking, or grouping, improve short-term memory |
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Rehearsal |
information can be retained indefinitely if rehearsal is not interrupted. repeating information over and over again as away to remember it |
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Working Memory |
a combination of components that include short-term memory and attention that allow individuals to hold information temporarily as they perform cognitive tasks Itcan be thought of as a mental blackboard and is essentially a place where‘thinking’ occurs. |
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Long-Term Memory |
divided into the substructures of explicit memory and implicit memory Explicit memory - declarative memory, for specific facts or events and information that can be verbally communicated Implicit memory - nondeclarative memory. It is a type of memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without conscious memory of the experience |
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Episodic memory |
type of explicit memory. It stores information about where, what, andwhen information is occurring. autobiographical, meaning that it pertainsspecifically to a person’s life Best friends Kate and Diana watch kids play in a playground. Kate reminds her about a big fight they had when they were kids. |
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Procedural memory |
a memory for skills. Learn how to drive a car Eric's fast fingers moving over the keyboard while playing video games |
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schema |
a pre-existing mental concept or framework that helps people organize and interpret information reconstruct inexact long-term memories byfilling in the gaps between fragments scripts,which help us figure outwhat is happening around us and help us organize our storage of memories aboutevents. People adapt very quickly to the procedures and behaviors that are appropriate in a church setting |
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The serial position effect |
the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle Theodore insists he will audition either first or last Regency effect - better recall end |
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Primacy effect |
better recall for items at the beginning of a list Nami only recalls the opening line |
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Retrieval |
heavily dependent on the way a memory was retained |
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Flashbulb memory |
theemotional arousal triggered by the event contributes to the vividness and durabilityof the memory. Joseph remembers what he was doing when he heard that his wife was in an accident |
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interference theory |
people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember |
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Proactive |
When information that was learned at a previous time interrupts the learning of new information Belinda confuses Jim to his best friend john |
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Retroactive |
When the learning of new information disrupts the remembering of previous information |
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anterograde amnesia |
a person cannot remember new information. anterograde involving the inability to make new memories. Jennifer's stroke has not been able to form any new memories or process new information but remembers all her friends and family stories. |
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Retrograde amnesia |
when someone cannot remember past information,but does not have a problem forming or retrieving newer memories. Ryan cannot remember his injury but was able to form new relationships and memories |
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Problem Solving |
an attempt to find the appropriate way of achieving a goal when the goal is not readily available psychologists are interested. |
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functional fixedness |
an individual fails to solve a problem becausethey are fixated on the usual functions. Albert cannot find another use for his leftover shingles. |
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Cognitively flexible |
recognizing that options are available and adapting to the situation |
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heuristics |
shortcut strategies that suggest a solution to aproblem but do not guarantee an answer. often lead to different answers to a givenproblem, which are not always the clearest correct answers. Wagner builds a robot that functions using only automatic processes |
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inductive reasoning |
reasoning from the specific to the general or from the bottom up it involves bottom-up processing |
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confirmation bias |
the tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them a person seeks out others who share their belifs George Burns, smoked for many years to prove smoking is harmless |
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Hindsight bias |
I knew It All Along effect. the tendency for a person to report falsely that they predicted an outcome George state he knew the election outcome |
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critical thinking |
grasping the deeper meaning of ideas Theykeep an open mind about different approaches and perspectives and they alsodecide for themselves what to believe and what not to believe. |
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mindfulness |
the state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities create new ideas, is open to new information,and is aware of more than one perspective |
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Open-mindedness |
being receptive to the possibility of other waysof looking at things. |
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convergent thinking |
is best when a problem has only one right answer |
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intelligence |
the ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience Spearman’sg - the intelligent person is a “jack of all cognitive trades.” |
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highly reliable |
Sammyscores nearly the same every time he takes a test |
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reliable but not valid |
if an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple administrations but does not accurately measure intelligence |
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Gifted |
IQ score of 130 or higher and/or have a superiortalent for something. |
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Gardner's multiple intelligence |
Spatial describes the ability to think three-dimensionally |
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Tranquilizers |
reduce anxiety and induce relaxation. to calm an anxious, nervous person. Valium and Xanax |
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Dream |
Sigmund freud, unconscious thought was where a person keeps unacceptable wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beyond their awareness. |
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Altered states of consciousness |
Drugs, trama, fatigue, hypnosis, and sensory deprivation |
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sleep apnea |
Cannot breath during sleep Sarah's grandfather takes a nap and stops snorring and breathing |
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observational learning |
an individual observes and then imitates anotherindividual’s behavior one way in which human infants require skills |
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Classical conditioning |
it occurs without awareness or effort, based on the presentation of two stimuli together |
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retaining information |
Storage refers to the process of _________ |
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declarative memory |
for specific facts or events and informationthat can be verbally communicated Recalling the names of famous football team |
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semantic memory |
information about the world. It includes general, everyday, and academic knowledge but not the personal information of episodic memory. Jacob explaining the rules of chess to his brother boris |