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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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gram stain pic |
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endospores stain pic |
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endospores stain pic |
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acid-fast stain pic |
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steps in gram staining |
crystal violet-primary gram's iodine-mordant ethyl alcohol wash-differential step/critical step/decolorizer safranin stain |
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purple stain in gram |
crystal violet dark purple |
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mordant in gram |
gram's iodine |
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decolorizer |
ethyl alcohol |
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secondary stain/counter stain |
safranin pink |
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gram positive |
thick peptidoglycan on outside of cell membrane dark purple |
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gram negative |
cell membrane-1 layer of peptidoglycan- membrane pink |
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descriptions of gram stains |
1st: both cocci, little clumps of purple grapes with pink grapes in overall web design 2nd*: looks like blobs of pink rods with couple of purple rods on top (spoons) |
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mixed culture composed of+color of colony |
pseudomonas aeruginosa-greenish escherichia coli-white staphylococcus aureus-yellow |
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two types that produce endospores |
bacillus clostridium |
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vegetative cell |
normal active cell (not a reproductive cell) |
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exoporium |
protein coat that forms a protective barrier around the spore |
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autoclave conditions |
defined by spores 15-20 min @ 121 degrees celsius steam under high pressure |
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schaeffer-fulton method |
endospore staining dont use hot plate use primary stain for 15 minutes this distinguishes components |
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what did we use the schaeffer-fulton method for? (what type of stain is this) |
Bacillus Cereus (endospore) 15 min no steam/heat |
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steps for endospore staining |
malachite green (15 min)-30sec water wash-safranin |
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method used for isolating pure colonies |
method a quadrant streak |
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what color are spores? the vegetative cell? |
clear green and clear pink |
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two types of cells acid-fast distinguish from |
cell-walls with high lipid content (mycolic acid) ---cells that appear waxy versus cells that lack the above |
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acid-fast cells? |
alcohol cannot remove the primary stain of carbol fuchsim from the mycolic acid |
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non acid-fast cells |
alcohol removes the primary stain no mycolic acid |
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acid-fast counter stain |
methylene blue |
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colors of mycolic acid cells adn non mycolic cells |
"dark" pink "dark" blue |
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what did we use as a acid-fast example shape color |
Mycobacterium smegmatis "dark" pink short rods (bacilli) |
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what did we use for non-acid fast example |
staphylococcus aureus "dark" blue spheres (cocci) |
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description of spore staining |
cottoncandy in lattice overall shape the rods are LIGHT pink and lined in ^shape the rods are pink and there are little circle light blue ones(supposed to be green) in clumps around them (could be inside them) this is a lot bigger than other slides |
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description of acid-fast stain |
tiny pink and blue dots that are so small cant tell the pink are rods, the colors are intermixed -more concentrated than gram dots, more like holes than clumps |
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parfocal microscope |
focus lengths of lenses are the same so dont need to refocus |
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oculars |
lens in eye pieces (10X) |
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objective lenses |
4X- 10X- low power 40X- high-dry 100X- oil immersion |
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ubiquity |
everywhere |
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coccus (combos) |
sphere streptococcus (chain) staphylococcus (grapes) |
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bacilli |
rod shaped |
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sprilla |
"spiraled" actually look like curved rods |
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description of bacilli |
pink. rods, lining up like trains, piled up in places |
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description of coccus |
pink balls in clumps (roughly triangle) that look like grapes, some of the clumps hold hands |
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spirilla description |
pink squiggles on top of eachother (thin) |
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binocular eyepiece versus focusing eyepiece |
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what do you use to squish the eye pieces together |
interpupillary adjustment |
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, iris diaphragm, field diaphragm, condenser centering screw, substage condenser |
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where do you put your top hand when carrying the micro? where do you put your bottom hand? |
top: arm bottom: base |
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where do you put ur slide |
mechanical stage |
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how do you move slide |
stage controls |
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what secures your slide |
stage clip |
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whats the turny thing |
revolving nosepiece |
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lens that come off of turny thing |
objective lenses |
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eye pieces are also called |
eye tubes |
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want to move the slide up alot? |
coarse adjustment |
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want to move slide up a little |
fine adjustment |
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brightfield microscope |
light goes directly in eye w/o being interfered |
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diopter adjustment ring |
on left eye piece to make both right and left eyes see sharp images |
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Kinyoun acid-fast method |
acid-fast method |
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what produce spores |
bacillus and clostridia |
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endospores |
dehydrated the less water the more heat resistant |
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sporulation |
reduces water content to 10-30% of orig |
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how decrease volume in endospore |
calciumdipicolinate and spore specific proteins make cytoplasmic gel this controls the amount of water that can go in |
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acid-fast disease |
mycobacterium tuberculosis mycobacterium leprae (Hansen's Disease/leprosy) |
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acid fast method with heat |
ziehl-Neelsen |
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primary stain in acid fast |
carbol fuchsin and phenol |
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mordant in acid fast |
heat allows penetration |
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non-acid fast example |
staphylococcus aureus |
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what did we use in acid-fast |
mycobacterium smegmatis (soil/genitalia/non pathogenic) staphylococcus aureus (opportunist pathogen) |
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insoluble complex formed in gram staining |
crystal violet-iodide complex |
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strength of bac cell wall |
peptidoglycan |
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how decolorizer works in gram |
decolorizer dissolves lipids in outer membrane of gram negative so complex can escape through thin peptidoglycan layer |
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isolating techneques |
streak plate and pour plate to get pure colony |
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smear goals |
get cells to adhere to glass not distort cells (shink) thin |
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bacterium with polyphosphate granules |
corynebacterium diptheriae |
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what were grams origninal goals |
differentiate bacteri cells from eukaryotic nuclei from diseased lung |
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differential stains |
gram and acid-fast |
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acid-fast staining |
carbol fuchsin-10 min methylene blue |
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endospore cortex |
thick layer forms around endospore and contracts (decrease volume) |
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mordant for spore stain |
heat |
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acid-fast types |
mycobacterium and nocardia |
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mycolic acid |
cell wall lipids fatty acids+fatty alcohols+hydrocarbon chain (80) |
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danger of leaving cells too long for gram staining? |
gram + can decay into gram - (not other way tho) |
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what do endospores do in gram stain |
look pink/clear |
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type of streak plate |
method a quadrant streak plate |
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condensation on plate |
can spread bacteria (ruin pure colonies) |
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parcentral |
stay centered between flips |
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bacteria to us |
10x more bacteria |
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colony |
visible massof cells more than 1 bilion could be the division of 1 cell but also could be a streptococcus |
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frau hesse |
wife of koch coworker figured out algae could be used as solidifying agent (agar-agar) this wasnt degraded by pathogenic bacteria |
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dont contaminate stuff or let stuff contanimate |
aseptic technique |
