Practical 1 Exam

Front 1

State three facts about the difference between Active and Passive Transport.

Back 1

Active Transport
- Against the concentration gradient
- uses ATP
- Always trans-membranes protein

Passive Transport
- Along its conentration gradient
- Only use kinetic energy
- Simple osmosis

Front 2

Foramen

Back 2

Round or oval opening through a bone.

Front 3

Condyle

Back 3

Rounded articular projection.

Front 4

Osteon

Back 4

Haversian System
Lamella - weight bearing, support for the bone
Haversian of central canal - contains all the blood vessels and nerves located in the center of the osteon.
Volkman's canal - perpendicular to the central or Haversian canal.

Front 5

What happens when bones are exposed to heat?

Back 5

the bones become calcified and begin to flake and crumble.

Front 6

Bones of the skull

Back 6

Pest of 6
P - Parietal Bone
E - Ethmoid Bone (eye cavity)
S - Sphenoid Bone (temples and eye cavity)
T - Temporal Bone

O - Occipital Bone
F - Frontal Bone

6 - Six bones in the skull

Front 7

Transitional Epithelial

Back 7

Cuboidal looking cell when not under pressure, when under pressure it looks like squamous cells. (urinary tract)

Front 8

Squamous

Back 8

wide, flatten nuclei that are used for protection and transporting materials.

Front 9

Cuboidal

Back 9

tall as they are wide, nuclei are symetrical and round. Secretion and absorption.

Front 10

Columnar

Back 10

Taller than they are wide, nuclei is oval and elongated.
Absorption and secreation.

Front 11

Skeletal Muscle

Back 11

striations and the nucleus are on the side.

Front 12

Cardiac Muscle

Back 12

Striations, intercalated discs, nucleus are in the center.

Front 13

Smooth Muscle

Back 13

No Striations

Front 14

Appendicular Skeleton

Back 14

Consists of 126 bones and includes the free appendages and their attachments. The free appendages are the upper and lower extremites, or limbs and their attachments which are called girdles.

Front 15

Axial Skeleton

Back 15

Consists of 80 bones. They include the bones of the head, vertebral column, ribs and breastbone or sternum.

Front 16

Irregular Bones

Back 16

are spongy bone that is covered with a thin layher of compact bone.
Found in the vertebra and some fo the bones in the skull.

Front 17

Flat Bones

Back 17

are thin, flattened, and usually curved.
Found in the cranium and the sternum.

Front 18

Short Bones

Back 18

are roughly cube shaped with vertical and horizontal dimensions approximately equal.
Found in the wrist and ankle.

Front 19

Long Bones

Back 19

Bones that are longer than they are wide.
Found in the thigh, leg, arm and forearm.

Front 20

Psedostratified Columnar

Back 20

ciliated can be non-ciliated (GI-system), heavily evangenated with goblet cells.
Goblet cells secrete mucus out.

Front 21

Simple

Back 21

all cells are at the basement membrane

Front 22

Stratified

Back 22

There is multiple cell layers - look at the most apical cells.

Front 23

What are the two type of skin that is very rarely seen?

Back 23

Stratified Columnar and Cuboidal.

Front 24

Who wrote this quote: "Give me a lever long enough and a fulcrum on which to place it and I shall move the world"

Back 24

Archimedes

Front 25

Microscope:
Arm

Back 25

Connects the base and head, used for carrying the microscope

Front 26

Microscope:
Condenser

Back 26

Concentrates light

Front 27

Microscope:
Base

Back 27

Supports the microscope

Front 28

Microscope:
Fine Adjustment Knob

Back 28

Precise Focusing

Front 29

Microscope:
Nosepiece

Back 29

Holds the objective lens

Front 30

Microscope:
Stage

Back 30

Supports the glass slide

Front 31

Working Distance

Back 31

is the distance betwee the objective lens and the specimen.
At low magnification the working distance is relatively long, at high the working distance is short.

Front 32

Total Magnification

Back 32

Power of the ocular lens * Power of the Objective Lens

Front 33

Integumentary System

Back 33

Skin, hair, and nails

Function: Protection

Front 34

Skeletal System

Back 34

Bones

Function: Support/Protection

Front 35

Nervous System

Back 35

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Function: Receive/Transmit Impulses

Front 36

Muscular System

Back 36

Muscles

Function: Movement

Front 37

Endocrine System

Back 37

Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal and Pituitary glands; pancreas, stomach, pineal gland, ovaries and testes.

Function: Metabolism/Homeostasis

Front 38

Cardiovascular System

Back 38

Heart, blood, blood vessels

Function: Transport

Front 39

Lymphatic System

Back 39

Thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen and lymph nodes.

Function: Transport/Cleanses blood.

Front 40

Respiratory System

Back 40

Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.

Function: Gas Exchange

Front 41

Digestive System

Back 41

Mouth, Esphagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anus, liver, gall bladder, Pancreas adn appendix.

Function: Breakdown and absorption of foods

Front 42

Urinary System

Back 42

Kidneys, ureters, bladder adn urethra

Function: Waste processing and elimination

Front 43

Mitosis

Back 43

is a comples process which allows the cells to give identical copies of its DNA to each of the daughter cells.
Phases:
1) Prophase
2) Early Metaphase
3) Metaphase
4) Early Anaphase
5) Late Anaphase
6) Early Telophase
7) Late Telophase
8) Interphase

Front 44

Ribosomes

Back 44

Tiny spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein, floating free or attached to the rough ER.
Site of Protein Synthesis

Front 45

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Back 45

Rough ER - provides an area for storage and transport
Smooth ER - no function in protein sythesis.
(Membranous Tubules)

Front 46

Golgi Apparatus

Back 46

stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends and associated small vesicles found close to the nucleus; new proteins are made.
(Protein Packaging)

Front 47

Lysosomes

Back 47

Various sized membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes.
(Digestion)

Front 48

Peroixosmes

Back 48

Small lysosome-like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alchohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals.
(Detoxification)

Front 49

Mitochondria

Back 49

Rod shaped bodies with a double-membran wall; powerhouse.
(ATP Production)

Front 50

Centrioles

Back 50

Paired, cylindrical bodies lie at right angles to each other, close to the nucleus, form the bases of cilia and flagella.

Front 51

Spinous Process

Back 51

is the protrusion on the center of the back of a vertebral body. It is the site for the attachement of many spiral muscles.

Front 52

Transverse Process

Back 52

is a protrusion extending out from either side of a vertebral body and provides the point of articulation for the ribs.

Front 53

Verterbral Foramen

Back 53

is for the passage of the spinal chord.

Front 54

What are the sutures of the skull and what make them up?

Back 54

Coronel suture - Frontal and parietal bones
Lambdoidal Suture - parietal and ocipital bone
Squamous - parietal and temporarl
Sagital - between the two parietal bones.

Front 55

Occipital Condyles

Back 55

a protrusion on teh occipital boen of the skull that forms a joint with the first cervical vertebra, enabling the head to move relative to the neck.

Front 56

What are the effects of soaking bones in acid?

Back 56

the acid dissolves the minerals in the bones matrix.

Front 57

Fontanels

Back 57

(Soft Spot) are indentations between the bones of a fetal skull and are fibrous membranes.

Front 58

Calcaneus

Back 58

The quadrangular bone at the back of the tarsus. Also called a heel bone.

Front 59

Lesser Trochanter

Back 59

of the femur is a conical eminence, which varies in size in different subjects. Projects from the lower and back part of the base of the femur neck.

Front 60

Lateral Malleolus

Back 60

is the name for the bony prominence on each side of the ankle.

Front 61

31 Spinal Nerves

Back 61

Cervical (c1-c8)
Thoracic (T1-T12)
Lumber (L1-L5)
Sacrum (S1-S5)
Coccyx - 1

Front 62

Sesamoid bone

Back 62

are bones that form within tendons.

Front 63

Prophase

Back 63

The first and longest phase of mitosis. Chromosomes become more coiled and can be viewed under a light microscope. Each duplicated chromosome is seen as a pair of sister chromatids joined by the duplicated but un-separated centromere. The nucleolus disappears. In the cytoplasm, the mitotic spindle, consisting of microtubules and other proteins, forms between the two pairs of centrioles as they migrate to opposite poles of the cell. The nuclear envelope disappears at the end of prophase. This signals the beginning of the substage called prometaphase. DNA becomes visible strands.

Front 64

Metaphase

Back 64

Spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the middle of the cell nucleus. This line is referred to as the metaphase plate. This organization helps to ensure that in the next phase, when the chromosomes are separated, each new nucleus will receive one copy of each chromosome

Front 65

Anaphase

Back 65

Third state of mitosis, begins when the sister chromatids break and each chromatid (now called a chromosome) moves toward an opposite end of the cell. Bye the end of anaphase, the chromosomes are at opposite ends of the cell.

Front 66

Telophase

Back 66

Spindle fibers break apart, two new nuclear membranes begin to form, and the chromosomes disperse into chromatin.

Front 67

Cytokinesis

Back 67

is the division of the cytoplasm, photosynthesis is the process by which a cell produces its own food

Front 68

Endocytosis

Back 68

is how a cell ungulfs large food particles.

Front 69

Atlas (C1)

Back 69

Front 70

Axis (C2)

Back 70

Front 71

Quadrants of the abdomen

Back 71

Front 72

Meissner's Corpuscle

Back 72

Hint 72

are egg-shaped receptors consisting of a mass of intertwined fibres. They are located between the dermis and epidermis that inform the brain exactly where the skin is touched.

Front 73

Epiphyseal Fracture

Back 73

Hint 73

Epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate.

Front 74

Compression Fracture

Back 74

Hint 74

Bone is crushed

Front 75

Depressed Fracture

Back 75

Hint 75

Broken bone portion is pressed inward.

Front 76

Greenstick Fracture

Back 76

Hint 76

Bone breaks incompletely. Only one side of the shaft breaks.

Front 77

Comminuted Fracture

Back 77

Hint 77

Bone fragments into three or more pieces.

Front 78

Spiral Fracture

Back 78

Hint 78

Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone.

Front 79

Zygomatic Process

Back 79

Hint 79

Any of several bony processes that articulate with the zygomatic bone.

Front 80

Mandibular Fossa

Back 80

Hint 80

A deep concavity in the temporal bone at the root of the zygomatic arch that receives the condyle of the mandible.

Front 81

Thoracis Vertebra

Back 81

Hint 81

T1 - T12

Front 82

Lumbar Vertebra

Back 82

Hint 82

L1 - L5

Front 83

Sacral Verterbra

Back 83

Hint 83

S1 - S5

Front 84

Concentric Layer of the bone

Back 84

Front 85

Bones of the Body (Anterior)

Back 85

Front 86

Bones of the body (Posterior)

Back 86

Front 87

Skull Bones

Back 87

Front 88

Parietal Bones

Back 88

Front 89

What are the statins used with a microscope?

Back 89

Physilogic saline - a sterile solution of sodium chloride that is isotonic to body fluids.
Methlylene Blue Stain - stains cells to a violent blue, making organelles easier to identify.

Front 90

What are the steps to prepare a wet mount slide?

Back 90

1. Apply the cells to the slide
2. Add a drop of stain
3. Lower the cover slip
4. View the slide

Front 91

Cephalic

Back 91

Head

Front 92

Frontal

Back 92

Forehead

Front 93

Nasal

Back 93

Nose

Front 94

Orbital

Back 94

eye

Front 95

Buccal

Back 95

Cheek

Front 96

Oral

Back 96

Mouth

Front 97

Cervical

Back 97

Neck

Front 98

Mental

Back 98

chin

Front 99

Acromial

Back 99

Shoulder

Front 100

Sternal

Back 100

Breast bone

Front 101

Axillary

Back 101

Armpit

Front 102

Thoracic

Back 102

Chest

Front 103

Mammary

Back 103

breast

Front 104

Brachial

Back 104

Arm

Front 105

Antecubital

Back 105

Front Elbow

Front 106

Popliteal

Back 106

posterior knee

Front 107

Sural

Back 107

calf

Front 108

Carpal

Back 108

Wrist

Front 109

Palmar

Back 109

Palm

Front 110

Pollex

Back 110

Thumb

Front 111

Digital

Back 111

Fingers/toes

Front 112

Pubic

Back 112

Genital

Front 113

Patellar

Back 113

anterior knee

Front 114

Crural

Back 114

Leg

Front 115

Tarsal

Back 115

Ankle

Front 116

Hallux

Back 116

Big Toe

Front 117

Occipital

Back 117

base of the skull

Front 118

Vertebral

Back 118

Spinal

Front 119

Scapular

Back 119

Shoulder Blade

Front 120

Dorsum

Back 120

Back

Front 121

Lumbar

Back 121

lower back

Front 122

Sacral

Back 122

between hips

Front 123

Perineal

Back 123

between anus and genitalia

Front 124

Femoral

Back 124

Thigh

Front 125

Calcaneal

Back 125

Heel

Front 126

Plantar

Back 126

Sole