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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
-plumage mimics environment
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Crypsis
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break up outline of body
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Disruptive Patterns
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-dark on top, white on bottom
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Counter Shading
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ex: ptarmigon
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Seasonal Dichromatism
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-females brighter than males
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Reverse Sexual Dichromatism
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-males brighter than females
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Sexual Dichromatism
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-molt all feather at the same time
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Synchronous
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-only replace some feathers
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Partial Molt
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-replace all feathers
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Complete Molt
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- “fancy” plumage
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Alternate Plumage
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-everyday plumage
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Basic Plumage
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mature plumage
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Definitive Plumage
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-featherless area, allows heat loss (ex. vultores head)
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Apteria
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-feather tract
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Pterylae
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dozens of tiny projections off the each barbule
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Barbicels
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“tiny branches each barb is further divided into.”
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Barbules
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-central shaft of each barbule
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Ramus
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“hundred, parallel, that branch off from either side of the central rachis of the feather.”
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Barbs
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Proximal end of the vane is _______, or soft and downy. The distal vane is firm and bladelike and is said to be __________.”
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“Proximal end of the vane is Plumaceous, or soft and downy. The distal vane is firm and bladelike and is said to be Pennaceous.”
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**Owls Feathers are ______ to silence.
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**frayed
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-tough, fibrous sheet of tissue that connects shoulder area
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Patagium
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Feathers under the wing
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Underwing Coverts
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-wing feather, controls lift
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Alula
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-feathers past nape
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Scapulars
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-feathers past secondary
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Tertials
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Feathers located around the secondaries
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Secondary Coverts
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-attach to ulna
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Secondaries
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Feathers located around the primares
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Primary Coverts
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-attach to hand bones
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Primaries
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-entire wing feathers
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Remiges
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“a single row of feathers covering the bases of the tail feathers”
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Uppertail Coverts
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“the loose feathers that surround the cloaca, cover the ventral base of the tail”
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Undertail Coverts
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-tail feathers
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Rectrices
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“abdomen”
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Belly
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-area past sides
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Flanks
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-under wing, “arm pit”
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Sides
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“the region that overlies the pelvic bones”
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Rump
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“Dorsal region of the thorax, roughly the area of the back between the wings.”
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Mantle/Back
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“The dorsal surface of the neck
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Nape
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“gular region”
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Throat
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“also called mustache feathers”
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Malar
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-area in front of eye
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Lore
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-area behind eye
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Auriculars
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-ring around eye
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Eye-ring
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-second eyelid
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Nictitating membrane
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- “eye brows”
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Supercilium
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-posterior to the forehead
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Crown
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-stiff, almost bare rachis with sensory functions
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Bristles
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-sensory: monitor position in flight
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Filoplumes
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-central ranchis short or absent
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Down
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-has rachis “downy”
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Semiplumes
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-flight feathers of the tail
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Rectrices
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-all pennaccous feathers
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Contour
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symmetrical webbing
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palamate
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“slanted”
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Totipalamate
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thin, webbing present between inner digits
ex: shore bird |
Semipalamate
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Ex: redtail hawk
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Raptorial
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3 digits
Ex: emus |
tridactyl
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1st and 4th digit pivot freely forward & backward
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pamprodactyl
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Perching birds
(note the digit change) |
heterodactyl
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Perching Birds
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zygodactyl
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Anisodactyl
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-flap that covers nostril-mostly in sea birds
ex. pigeon |
Operculum
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-fleshy structure at base of bill
ex. Raptors |
Cere
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-Nostril appearance of nares
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Tubular
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-Hole all the way thru nares-Ex. Valtures
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Perforate/imperforate
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-inflatable sac under chin
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Gular sac
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Serrate
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ex. Raptors
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hooked
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Almost as if there is a “tooth” on bill
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Toothed
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“curved up” brodens at tip
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Spatulate
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pressed down
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Depressed
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Flat, elongated
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Compressed
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Crossed
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Decurved
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straight
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-lower jaw & bill
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Lower Mandible
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-nostril
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Nares
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-central midline ridge
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Culmen
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-upper jaw & bill
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Upper mandible
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each digit webbed
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lobate
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-digit one used for perching
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Hallux
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Lacks rachis
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Plumulaceous
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Presence of rachis
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Pennaceous
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Premaxilla
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Occipital condyle
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Sclerotic ring
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Dentary
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Maxilla
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Interorbital septum
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Nasal aperture
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Frontal
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Zygomatic arch
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Hyoid apparatus
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Cervical vertebrae
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1) Thoracic vertebrae
2) These five vertebrae are fused |
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1) Synsacrum
2) Three thoracic, all of the sacral, and most of the caudal vertebrae |
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These are caudal vertebrae that are fused with the syncacrum
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Furcula
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Triosseal canal
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Keel
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Scapula
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Coracoid
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Uncinate process
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Tibiotarsus
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Femur
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Carpometacarpus
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Radius
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Pubis
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Ilium
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Ishium
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What are the 3 Rs of adaptation of avian skeletons for flight? What is an example of each?
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Rigid
Fusion of vertebrae Uncinate process Hollow bones Reduction Reduction of repro organs Loss of long tail Lack of teeth Redistribution (of weight) Wings at center of the mass Ventral flight muscles Gizzards at center of gravity |
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What forms much of the leading edge of the wing besides the carpel and carpometacarpal bones?
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Patagium
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Also called the preen or oil gland, this gland is found at the base of the spine on the dorsal surface
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Uropygial gland
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As the _________ expands and contracts during flight it causes the expansion and contraction of the interclavicle air sacs
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Furcula
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Primary depressor of the wing in down stroke
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Pectoralis major
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Bird use a form of digestion that allows them to absorb energy directly from their food called _____
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Passive digestion
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How do owls see so well?
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An elongated eye with a large front lens
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What gives raptors the eagle eye?
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An increased number of rod and cone photoreceptors (over 1 million, compared to humans who have ~200,000)
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How do owls hear rodents?
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Elliptical face and offset ears
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Birds excrete liquid waste in the form of:
Urea Uric acid Amonia Water None of the above |
B) Uric acid
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Briefly explain One-Way Respiration:
Breath 1: Inhalation:______________ Exhalation: ______________ Breath 2: Inhalation:______________ Exhalation:______________ |
Breath 1:
Inhalation: Air goes into posterior air sac Exhalation: Air goes into lungs Breath 2: Inhalation: Air goes from lungs to anterior air sac Exhalation: Air leaves body |
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Trachea
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Syrinx
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Bronchi
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Lungs
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Small Intestine
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Esophagus
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Crop
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Proventriculus
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Gizzard
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Colic Caeca
-aids in fermentation |
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Duodenum
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Pancreas
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Cloaca
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The gizzard is reduced to a nub
For birds that do not need a functional gizzard it reduces weight Frugivore |
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Ureter
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Cloaca
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Testes
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OvariesLeft
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The supracoracoideus goes from the sternum through the triosseal canal and attaches to the humerus
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Deltoideus
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Latissimus Dorsi
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Bicep brachii
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Common carotid a.Jugular v.
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Subclavian a.
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