P.r. Terms Ch 6 Molecular Genetics

Front 1

DNA

Back 1

The hereditary blueprint of the cell

Front 2

Euchromatin

Back 2

Genetic material in loose form in the nucleus

Front 3

Heterochromatin

Back 3

Genetic material fully condensed into coils

Front 4

Double Helix

Back 4

The long, twisted ladder DNA forms

Front 5

Nucleotides

Back 5

Subunits of DNA and RNA

Front 6

Components of a Nucleotide

Back 6

5C sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

Front 7

Nitrogenous Bases

Back 7

Adenine
Thymine (DNA)/Uracil (RNA)
Guanine
Cytosine

Front 8

Purines

Back 8

Adenine and Guanine

Front 9

Pyrimidines

Back 9

Cytosine and Thymine/Uracil

Front 10

Phosphodiester bonds

Back 10

The type of bonds that link nucleotides together

Front 11

Complementary

Back 11

When the bases in one strand match up with complementary bases in the other strand

Front 12

Antiparallel

Back 12

Because the 3 of one strand is with the 5 of the other

Front 13

Hydrogen Bonds

Back 13

The type of bonds that link DNA strands

Front 14

RNA

Back 14

Carries out DNA's instructions to produce proteins

Front 15

DNA Replication

Back 15

Copying of DNA that occurs before protein synthesis

Front 16

Helicase

Back 16

The enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between the double helix strands

Front 17

Replication Fork

Back 17

The Y-shape formed by the exposed DNA strands

Front 18

Origins of Replication

Back 18

The specific sites where DNA replication begins

Front 19

DNA Topoisomerases

Back 19

Enzymes that cut and rejoin the helix to prevent tangling

Front 20

DNA Polymerase

Back 20

The enzyme that performs the actual addition of nucleotides

Front 21

RNA Primer

Back 21

Added to the 5' end of DNA, it is a short strand of RNA molecules.

Front 22

Leading Strand

Back 22

The strand that is made continuously

Front 23

Lagging Strand

Back 23

Made discontinuously and only of pieces of nucleotides known as Okazaki fragments

Front 24

DNA Ligase

Back 24

Links together Okazaki fragments

Front 25

Semiconservative

Back 25

DNA is said to be this because it conserve half the original molecule in each 2 new ones

Front 26

Roadmap of DNA to Proteins

Back 26

DNA--> Transcription-->RNA ---> Translation --> Proteins

Front 27

Site of Transcription

Back 27

Nucleus

Front 28

Site of Translation

Back 28

Cytoplasm

Front 29

3 Ways In Which RNA Differs From DNA

Back 29

-RNA is single stranded
-Ribose
-Uracil

Front 30

3 Types of RNA

Back 30

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

Front 31

Function of mRNA

Back 31

Copies the information stored in the DNA strand

Front 32

Function of rRNA

Back 32

Makes up part of the ribosomes

Front 33

Function of tRNA

Back 33

Shuttles amino acids to the ribosomes. Brings the right amino acids at the right times by reading message carried by mRNA.

Front 34

Protein Synthesis

Back 34

Creation of proteins

Front 35

3 Steps of Protein Synthesis

Back 35

Transcription, RNA processing, Translation

Front 36

Transcription

Back 36

Copying the genetic code directly from DNA

Front 37

Promoters

Back 37

The sites at which transcription begins

Front 38

Sense Strand

Back 38

The strand that serves as the template

Front 39

Antisense Strand

Back 39

The strand that lies dormant

Front 40

RNA Polymerase

Back 40

The enzyme that brings free-floating RNA nucleotides to the DNA strand

Front 41

RNA Processing

Back 41

The modification of mRNA before it exits the nucleus

Front 42

Exons

Back 42

The regions that express the code for the polypeptide

Front 43

Introns

Back 43

The noncoding regions of RNA

Front 44

Spliceosome

Back 44

The RNA-protein complex that removes introns

Front 45

Poly(A) Tail

Back 45

Added to 3' end

Front 46

5' cap

Back 46

Ended to 5' end

Front 47

Codons

Back 47

Groups of three bases that code for amino acids

Front 48

Anticodon

Back 48

The 3 nitrogenous bases on tRNA that base pair with the mRNA codon

Front 49

Three Phases of Translation

Back 49

Initiation, Elongation, and Termination

Front 50

Initiation

Back 50

Activates translation

Front 51

RNA Processing

Back 51

The modification of mRNA before it exits the nucleus

Front 52

Exons

Back 52

The regions that express the code for the polypeptide

Front 53

Introns

Back 53

The noncoding regions of RNA

Front 54

Spliceosome

Back 54

The RNA-protein complex that removes introns

Front 55

Poly(A) Tail

Back 55

Added to 3' end

Front 56

5' cap

Back 56

Ended to 5' end

Front 57

Codons

Back 57

Groups of three bases that code for amino acids

Front 58

Anticodon

Back 58

The 3 nitrogenous bases on tRNA that base pair with the mRNA codon

Front 59

Three Phases of Translation

Back 59

Initiation, Elongation, and Termination

Front 60

Initiation

Back 60

Activates translation

Front 61

Elongation

Back 61

Addition of amino acids

Front 62

Termination

Back 62

Occurs when ribosome runs into a stop codon

Front 63

A Site

Back 63

Binding site that is filled by appropriate tRNA that corresponds to the next codon

Front 64

P Site

Back 64

Binding site that methionine tRNA binds to

Front 65

Polypeptides

Back 65

A linkage of many amino acids

Front 66

Stop codons

Back 66

Codons that signal termination

Front 67

4 Levels of Protein Structure

Back 67

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary

Front 68

Primary Structure

Back 68

Linear amino acid sequence

Front 69

Secondary Structure

Back 69

Either coil or beta-pleated sheets

Front 70

Tertiary Structure

Back 70

3-D pattern of polypeptide

Front 71

Quaternary Structure

Back 71

Two or more polypeptides joined

Front 72

Chaperonins

Back 72

Proteins that help the protein fold

Front 73

Summary of Protein Synthesis

Back 73

See p. 91

Front 74

2 Types of Mutations

Back 74

Base substitutions and gene arrangements

Front 75

Base Substitution (Point) Mutations

Back 75

Result when one base is substituted for another

Front 76

Nonsense Mutations

Back 76

Early termination of protein synthesis

Front 77

Missense Mutations

Back 77

Codon is altered and produces a different amino acid

Front 78

Silent Mutations

Back 78

Mutations that don't cause a detectable change in the corresponding protein sequence

Front 79

4 Types of Gene Rearrangements

Back 79

Deletions, Duplications, Inversions and Translocations

Front 80

Deletion

Back 80

Results in the loss of DNA or a gene

Front 81

Duplication

Back 81

Results in an extra copy of genes

Front 82

Inversion

Back 82

Results when changes occur in the orientation of chromosomal regions

Front 83

Translocation

Back 83

Occurs when a portion of 2 different chromosomes breaks and rejoins in a way that DNA sequence or gene is lost, repeated, or interrupted

Front 84

Operon

Back 84

The region of bacterial DNA that regulates gene expression

Front 85

Structural Genes

Back 85

Genes that code for enzymes needed in a chemical reaction

Front 86

Promoter Gene

Back 86

Region where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription

Front 87

Operator

Back 87

Region that controls whether transcription will occur

Front 88

Regulatory gene

Back 88

Codes for repressor protein

Front 89

Repressor protein

Back 89

Can attach to operator and block transcription

Front 90

Inducer

Back 90

Binds to repressor protein to make it fall off the operator and turn on transcription

Front 91

Genetic Engineering

Back 91

The branch of technology that produces new organisms or products by transferring genes between cells

Front 92

Restriction Enzyme

Back 92

Recognizes a short DNA sequence and restriction site and cuts both DNA strands at recognition sequences

Front 93

Sticky End

Back 93

The one single-stranded end left after the work of a restriction enzyme

Front 94

Plasmid and Cloning Vector

Back 94

p.93. If you can explain to me I'll totally owe you.

Front 95

Gel Electrophoresis

Back 95

The method by which DNA fragments can be separated according to their molecular weight

Front 96

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)

Back 96

Fragments involved in gel electrophoresis

Front 97

DNA Fingerprinting

Back 97

A process in which RFLPs produced by DNA left at a crime scene are compared to RFLPs from the DNA of suspects