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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cellular location and end products (per glucose) for:
Glycolysis Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Kreb cycle Electron Transport Fermentation |
Glycolysis: cytoplasm, end products = 2ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
Pyruvate dehydrogenase: mito matrix, end products = 2NADH, 2 acetyl-CoA, 2 CO2 Kreb cycle: mito matrix, end products = 6NADH, 2 GTP, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2 Electron transport: inner mito membrane, end product = proton gradient Fermentation: cytoplasm, end products = 2 ATP, 2 lactic acid (muscle) or 2 ethanol (yeast) |
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Three major types of macromolecules, their monomers and their funtions
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Carbohydrates: monosaccharide unit; energy
Protein: amino acid; channels, pores, hormones, enzymes, etc Nucleic acids: nucleotides, DNA (genetic info), RNA (protein synthesis) |
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RNA
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single stranded, bases A,G,C,U; sugar ribose.
mRNA = translated to make protein. rRNA = needed to make a functional ribosome tRNA = carries an amino acid to a growing protein |
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
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Prokaryotes = no nucleus or organelles; 3 different DNA polymerases and i RNA polymerase; mRNA is polycistronic; single circular chromosome; no mRNA processing
Eukaryotes - nucleus and other organelles; 1 DNA polymerase and 3 different RNA polymerases; mRNA is monocistronic; several linear chromosomes; mRNA must be processed before translation. |
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3 life cycles of a virus
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lytic, lysogenic, productive
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3 shapes of bacteria
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round - coccus
rod shaped - bacillus sprial - spirochete |
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rough ER
smooth ER centrosome peroxisome |
holds ribosomes that are synthesizing secreted or membrane proteins, protein modification
lipid metabolism mitotic spindle formation eliminates free radicals |
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Depolarize
Hyperpolarize Repolarize |
depolarize = move away from rest potential in positive direction
Hyperpolarize = move away from rest in negative direction Repolarize = return to rest Voltage-gated Na+ channels depolarize voltage-gated K+ channels hyperpolarize/repolarize |
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adrenal medulla's effect on sympathetic effects
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adrenal medulla produces epinephrine which can bind to NE receptors prolongs/increases sympathetic effects
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5 classes of sensory receptors
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mechanoreceptors - shape changes, hearing receptors, touch receptors
thermoreceptors - temperature, hot/cold receptors pain receptors = pain, all over body chemoreceptors = chemicals, smell, taste, CO2 receptors Photoreceptors = light, rods/cones |
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Endocrine vs. exocrine
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endocrine = secrete hormones directly into blood
exocrine = secrete various products through ducts onto body surface or cavity |
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peptide hormone vs. steroid hormone
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peptide hormone = amino-acid based, bind to extracellular receptors, fast acting; adrenaline, insulin, thyroid hormone
steroid hormone = cholesterol based, bind to intracellular receptors. slow acting; estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol |
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anterior gland vs. posterior gland
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anterior pituitary gland = gland tissue (adenohypophysis)
posterior pituitary gland = nervous tissue (neurohypophysis) |
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growth hormone
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anterior pituitary, exercise/other hormones, targets all cells, growth/cell turnover
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prolactin
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anterior pituitary, nursing, targets mammary glands, breask milk production
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TSH
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anterior pituitary, low thyroid hormone, targets thyroid, increase thyroid hormone
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ACTH
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anterior pituitary, low corticosteroids, targets adrenal cortex, release of corticosteroids
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FSH
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anterior pituitary, low sex steroids, target ovaries/testes, egg/sperm maturation
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LH
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anterior pituitary, low sex steroids, targets ovaries/testes, ovulation/progesterone/testosterone release
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oxytocin
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posterior pituitary, nursing/labor, targets reproductive smooth muscle, labor/milk ejection
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ADH
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posterior pituitary, high blood osmolarity, targets kidney tubules, retain water
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thyroid hormone
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thyroid gland, low metabolism, targets all cells, high metabolism
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aldosterone
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from adrenal cortex, low blood pressure, targets kidney tubules, high Na+ retention
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Cortisol
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from adrenal cortex, stress, targets liver, high blood flucose
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estrogen
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from developing follicle, FSH, targets uterus and othe rbody cells, high lining and female sex characteristics
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Progesterone
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from corpus luteum, LH, targets uterus, maintains lining
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testosterone
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from Sertoli cells (testes), FSH, targets sperm/other body cells, sperm production and male sex charasteristics
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Insulin
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from pancreas, high blood flucose, targets all cells, reduce blood glucose
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Glucagon
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from pancreas, low blood glucose, targets liver, high blood glucose
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layers of the alimentary canal from the lumen outward
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mucosa, submucosa, circular muscularis, longitudinal muscularis, serosa
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