Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Riparian Rights |
...give a property owner whose property abuts a river the right to construct means to access the water, such as a boat dock. |
|
|
Littoral Rights |
...give the owner of a property along the Gulf of Mexico the right to fish from the shore. |
|
|
Easement |
allows a part of a site owned by one party to be used by another party for a specific purpose. (utility right-of-ways, access to an adjacent property, party walls, jointly used driveways) |
|
|
Covenant |
A restriction placed on a property by a clause in the deed. |
|
|
Conditional Use Permit |
allows a property to be used for a purpose that would normally not be permitted, but only if the owner fulfills certain criteria.... usually for when the proposed use in the public interest. (school in a residential neighborhood) |
|
|
Variance |
for situations where zoning requirements cause undue hardship for a property owner or where zoning requirements do not address a unique situation. |
|
|
Town Layouts (Greek) |
Rectilinear blocks devoted to residential uses. City Center contains public buildings and commerce. Irregular wall erected around perimeter of the city to defend the settlement. Size of the city determined by the quantity of food available from surrounding areas. |
|
|
Town Layouts (Roman) |
Regular, symmetrical, based on a grid with two main streets (cardo and decananus) intersecting at the city center. Central Areas featured grand buildings rather than marketplaces. Symmetry; Axial Connection; Hierarchy of features Size based on local food supply |
|
|
Town Layouts (Medieval) |
Often built on or around ruins of old Roman Towns Walled. Less geometrically rigid, though usually based on a grid system. Planners would adjust a rectilinear plan to fit the site conditions causing irregularities. Clustered around a major building such as a church or cathedral. |
|
|
Town Layouts (Renaissance) |
cluster of public buildings that created a public forum and marketplace. The city was designed to be complete and a harmonious whole, considering the design of buildings. |
|
|
Anthropomorphism |
the idea of giving human characteristics to non-human things... National-Nederlanden Building (Prague). - resembles dancers. Erechtheum (Athens) - caryatids at porch are sculptures of women Unite d'Habitation - ground floor columns are like "strong, curvaceous thighs of a woman" |
|
|
Development Method |
METHOD FOR DETERMINING VALUE OF PROPERTY to be used when the property may be subdivided for residential or commercial use. cost of development would be deducted from the projected sales prices to determine a value for the land. |
|
|
Comparison Method |
aka. market data approach. METHOD FOR DETERMINING VALUE OF PROPERTY uses info on similar-sized properties with similar amenities that are for sale in the area at the time of valuation... market data must be available. |
|
|
Income Approach Method |
aka. residual method. METHOD FOR DETERMINING VALUE OF PROPERTY used for properties in area where there is no unimproved land and no market data against which to compare. The income generated by the improvements of the site determines the value. (this makes the assumption that the improvements represent the highest and best use of the property) |
|
|
Allocation Method |
METHOD FOR DETERMINING VALUE OF PROPERTY for determining the value of IMPROVED properties. determines land value by deducting the value of site improvements from the total value of the property. |
|
|
plat |
defines the layout of a subdivided piece of property. |
|
|
deed |
a written document that describes the boundaries of the property and included info about the owner and the party from whom the property was purchased. |
|
|
method of sedimentation control that may help to prevent erosion |
permanent seeding and landscaping... grass and other plantings can help prevent the runoff from washing the soil away. |
|
|
earth dyke |
a mound of soil that diverts water to a SEDIMENT TRAP |
|
|
Sediment trap |
pond where sediment is allowed to settle out of the water |
|
|
silt fence |
acts as a filter for water flowing across the site and traps the sediment before it can be washed into a nearby body of water |
|
|
first dome to be constructed without the use of centering |
Brunelleschi's dome at Florence Cathedral (1420s) . Doubled shell, pointed dome with a ribbed structure infilled with lightweight materials. |
|
|
condominium |
form of ownership in which a buyer obtains absolute title to a portion of a structure. |
|
|
fee simple |
the owner has absolute title to the property and may sell it to another person |
|
|
leasehold |
entitles the lessee to the use of the property for a specified period of time |
|
|
cooperative ownership |
the owner does not hold title to the property, but own a share of the corporation |
|
|
Partnering |
NOT a contractual relationship....an agreement between the parties to work together towards the common goal of constructing a building. Does not need to be written, the AIA suggests a written PARTNERING CHARTER developed during a workship facilitated by someone not involved with the project. |
|
|
Broadacre City |
FLW. 1932
urban center no longer relevant. Families would be given one acre of lands to build a home and grow food. depended solely on the use of private automobiles... not need to walk or use public transportation. |
|
|
Bridging |
Specific approach to DESIGN-BUILD...allows an owner to secure an early fixed price and take advantage of the contractor's knowledge of construction methods and materials and materials and relationships with suppliers. - contract price obtained faster and cheaper - contractor bears sole responsibility for the product... (hand off after DD) - more cost-effective |
|
|
When preparing cost options... what scenario should have the highest contingency allowance? |
Contingency Allowance (5%-20%) of estimated construction cost... THE EARLIER THE STAGE OF THE PROJECT, THE HIGHER THE CONTINGENCY SHOULD BE. |
|
|
effects of a shortened critical path? |
1) Direct costs increase 2) Overhead costs decrease 3) Quality control levels decrease |
|
|
Affirmative/conditional covenant |
Affirmative covenant: commits a buyer to performing a specific duty in the future. Conditional Covenant: if the restrictions prescribed in the deed are not followed, the title to the land will revert back to the original grantor. |
|
|
Baroque City |
characterized by long vistas inking important points within the city and by their comprehensive approach to planning both grand public spaces and residential areas. London, Paris, Washington DC. |
|
|
Higher perimeter-to-floor area ratio.... unit cost is higher or lower? |
HIGHER |
|
|
Greater floor to floor height....unit cost is higher or lower? |
HIGHER |
|
|
The greater the floor area of the building....unit cost is higher or lower? |
LOWER |
|
|
the taller the building, unit cost is higher or lower? |
HIGHER |
|
|
Economies of Scale |
the more materials purchased... the better thew deal. |
|
|
cost estimate for a project? |
costs of labor and materials. contractor's overhead and profit allowances contingency allowances NOT: - professional fees - cost of the land - costs related to financing - legal expenses ALL OF THESE ARE INCLUDED IN THE PROJECT BUDGET |
|
|
AMOUNT OF RETAINAGE AT SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION |
Usually comparable to the contractor's profit for the job (about 10%... from 5%-20%) |
|
|
SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR'S HIERARCHY |
PRESERVE, PROTECT, REPAIR, REPLACE |
|
|
What factors might make a building MORE efficient? |
- new construction more than a retrofit - sites with lots of open space and gentle grades - mechanical on roof, rather than interior - large flexible rooms, flexible adjacencies and/or windows - single story building - double-loaded corridors |
|
|
Terrain suitable for development (8) according to DESIGN WITH NATURE... list from least to tolerant to most tolerant |
surface water
marshes floodplains aquifer recharge areas aquifers steep slopes forest and woodland flat land excluding prime agricultural land |
|
|
room data sheets |
questionnaires completed by end users or by programming team members based on interviews with end users of the building of the spaces withing the building the results of the surveys are then compiled into a document that helps the programmer to determine the appropriate area and location of each space within a building based on the established criteria. MOST EFFECTIVE... for buildings with many varying types of spaces.... except for those with many repetitive spaces or hard-to-define end users. HIGH SCHOOL is good example. |
|
|
milestone chart vs. bar graph vs. Gantt Chart vs. CPM |
Milestone - best for small projects with few participants Bar and Gantt - show both start and finish dates and work well for larger architectural projects CPM - shows complex interrelationships between tasks, should be used for extremely large architectural projects (this is more commonly used by contractors for coordination) |
|
|
Ken |
the unit of measurement in Japanese culture based on the size of a floor mat and is used repetitively to organize floor plans and elevations |
|
|
Corbusier's MODULAR system |
uses the human body for proportioning and is also loosely based on the golden section |
|
|
constructed wastelands |
used to process wastewater - can also serve as an additional barrier to vehicular and pedestrian access to the building |
|
|
trombe walls |
A Trombe wall is a passive solar building technique where a wall is built on the winter sun side of a building with a glass external layer and a high heat capacity internal layer separated by a layer of air. |
|
|
Integrated building automation and control systems |
ensure that the mechanical systems in the building are operating efficiently |
|
|
construction management at risk |
project delivery approach that employs a construction manager to oversee the project... often used for FAST TRACK construction, where the design and construction phases overlap |
|
|
premium (when performing a cost evaluation) |
Premium is something that will add cost to a project in comparison to the model. examples:
- short construction periods - unusual contract provisions (extra insurance, liquidated damages) - challenging site conditions - non-standard elements or requirements LISTING POTENTIAL PREMIUMS DURING COST EVALUATION HELPS THE ARCHITECT AND THE OWNER GET A FEEL FOR HOW MUCH THE UNKNOWNS OR UNIQUE CONDITIONS MAY ADD TO THE COST OF THE PROJECT |
|
|
CONTOUR GRAPHICS |
dashed line = existing contour line solid line - shows an area where the earth is to be manipulated THE ELEVATION IS NOTED ON THE HIGH SIDE OF THE CONTOUR |
|
|
Line comprised of dashes and x's |
usually used to represent fencing |
|
|
which AIA document establishes unit prices? |
A101. Unit prices are proposed by the contractor with the bid and agreed on in Article 4.3 of AIA Document A101. |
|
|
defensible space |
Oscar Newman (1970s)
Designing a space that allows residents a sense of ownership and control leads to an environment that people care about and will work to maintain and protect. other concepts: - stricter enforcement of building codes - help for new homeowners to finance and maintain homes - community programs designed to facilitate interaction among neighboirs |
|
|
infiltration basin |
Pond that temporarily affects water and allows it to be released only through absorption into the earth. This helps to recharge the groundwater on the site rather than dumping it into a storm sewer |
|
|
bioswale |
grassy sloped ditch that filters the storm runoff as it is directed away from a building or paved area....it allows the water to seep into the ground and helps recharge aquifers |
|
|
cistern |
tank for collecting collecting and storing water....often used with rainwater harvesting systems that capture and store rainwater for use in irrigation or non-potable building functions such as flushing toilets |
|
|
catch basin |
collects water and debris before dumping it into a storm sewer |
|
|
public enterprise revenue bond |
issued to fund a public project that will produce revenue... the bond is repaid with the money generated by the facility (airport, hospital, stadium) |
|
|
general obligation bond |
used to fund a public project that WILL NOT produce revenue. (schools, public libraries, municipal buildings) the bond is repaid by property taxes (aka AD VALOREM TAXES)... these must be approved by voters in the jurisdiction |
|
|
development impact fee |
charged to developers to pay for public improvements that are necessary because of the development... cover the costs of road improvements, utility extensions, |
|
|
behavior setting |
the "stage" for an event that occurs at a particular places on a regular schedule... the activities that happen within the behavior setting are definable and the physical environmental facilitates that activity. every building is designed around a sequence of behavior settings. (family's morning routine, classroom setting in a school, operating room in a hospital) |
|
|
AOR |
- Must be located on the same floor level but may be in a different part of the building from the area that it serves
- Must accommodate one wheelchair space for every 200 occupants - Must be separated with a smoke-barrier - Must have two-way communications |
|
|
STREET HIERARCHY |
an ARTERIAL connects and EXPRESSWAY (such as an interstate), to a street serving a residential area called a COLLECTOR DISTRIBUTOR.... which then connects to LOCAL ACCESS ROADS within the neighborhood |
|
|
As the development budget is prepared, the costs should be escalated to reflect the project price WHEN?
|
... in the MIDDLE of the construction of the project
|
|
|
Which factors determine the ALLOWABLE HEIGHT OF A BUILDING |
USE GROUP TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION LOCAL ZONING LEVEL OF FIRE-SUPPRESSION SYSTEM |
|
|
What can serve as a required fire exit? |
NOT ESCALATOR, ELEVATOR, FIRE ESCAPE Outside elevator with solid treads...must comply with fire-resistance requirements of an interior stair...in some climates might require a covering to protect from ice or snow. |
|
|
WATER TABLE REQUIREMENTS |
6 FEET OR 1.8 METERS Buildings should not penetrate the water table.... sites where the water table is less than 6 below the surface may require special techniques during excavation. |
|
|
high or low Albedo high or lowconductivity... to MODERATE the microclimate |
low albedo (concrete or dark gravel) high conductivity (sand and soil) |
|
|
albedo |
high albedo = high reflectivity |
|
|
B141 |
Standard Form of Agreement between the Owner and the Architect |
|
|
Who is responsible for developing the PROGRAM? |
The Owner |
|
|
Joint Venture |
agreement between two firms collaborating on a specific project. Any profits are passes along to the partners, as are tax liabilities. AIA C101 - Joint venture Agreement for Professional Services |
|
|
Neighborhood Center Community Center Regional Center |
Neighborhood - daily convenience, usually grocery or pharmacy at center - 7500-20,000 people -6-min driving radius Community - large supermarket, variety store, small services and specialty stores -20,000-100,000 people Regional - cluster of "big box" retailers -100,000 - 250,000 people |
|
|
Uniform Capital Recovery |
Used to calculate the annual value of a present value. Example: how much a monthly loan payment will be if intended to repay a 75,000 loan over 10 years... |
|
|
Tony Gernier's CITY INDUSTRIELLE (1901-1917) |
Rethinking Ebenezer Howard's Garden City Plan - Major Axes connecting differently zoned areas of the city - Buildings of Reinforced Concrete - Densely planted, tree-lined pedestrian paths - State of the Art transportation hubs and hygienic facilities - first to use the idea of ZONING |
|
|
Silts and Clays |
Very Porous...allow water to migrate above the water table on a site. |
|
|
Fine Grained Soils |
more likely to be affected by freezing and thawings then coarse-grained soils |
|
|
hot-humid climate
|
elongated form stretched along east-west - minimized east-west exposure - overhangs and courtyards used to provide shade and enhance cooling effects of the wind. |
|
|
cool regions |
square form is best in cold redions. |
|
|
hot-arid regions |
square or compact form with courtyards |
|
|
temperate |
rectangular buildings |
|
|
shuttle diplomacy |
the act of revising a written document over and over until two parties can agree on its contents. |
|
|
groupthink |
"decision by deference" issued are glossed over and everything adopts the thinking of the leader without challenging the validity of the ideas presented and seeking alternatives -usually results in a mediocre product |
|
|
new urbanism |
an approach to town planning advocating more diverse housing opportunities and less dependence on cars. (a direct reaction to suburban sprawl). also referred to as "smart growth" - mass transit within walking distance of homes and businesses. - mixed-use zoning - blend of single-family homes and apartments in the same neighborhood...allowing people to choose a housing type so they are not forced to relocate out of the neighborhood as their needs change - more independence for those who cannot drive or do not own a car - narrow streets and frequent intersections, to encourage drivers to be alert, making pedestrian paths safer - on-street or small-lot parking rather than vast parking lots.. encouraging more interaction between businesses and the street |
|
|
"A house is a machine for living in" |
Corbusier |
|
|
functional program versus facilities program |
a FUNCTIONAL program provides raw data for analysis and for development of a FACILITIES program, that considers scope, area requirements, adjacencies, costs, and site analysis |
|
|
retaining wall failure |
most likely to fail in 3 ways - sliding: where the lateral thrust on the wall forces the entire wall to move forward - settling: where the vertical force exceeds the bearing capacity of the soil beneath the wall, and the retaining wall sinks - overturning: where the overturning moment of the lateral thrust causes the wall to rotate forward. The rotation point is generally the toe of the footing. |
|
|
Programming Phase (5 stages) |
1) owner describes project goals 2) collect data 3) develop programmatic concepts 4) reconcile list of spaces with project budget 5) define the problem |
|
|
INCOME/MARKET/COST APPROACHES TO VALUATION OF PROPERTY |
??/ |
|
|
Savannah, Georgia planning strategy |
GRID |
|
|
Columbian Exhibition of 1893 |
Revived interest in city planning and showed that desirable results could be achieved through organized efforts |
|
|
Ordinance of 1785 |
Started the rectangular survey system, reinforcing the idea of grid planning
|
|
|
Zeitgeist |
The intellectual, cultural, and artistic culture of a time and place... German meaning "spirit of the time" |
|
|
Two town examples of separated vehicular and pedestrian travel.. (pedestrian lanes under vehicular) |
Radburn, New Jersey
Reston, Virginia |
|
|
What city was the first in the US to establish a "historic district?" |
Charleston, S.C. invented the concept of the "historic district" in 1931 |
|
|
when was fire-proofing containing ASBESTOS banned? |
1973 |
|
|
check township section quarter-section |
check (24 mi on each side, bounded by PARALLELS AND MERIDIANS) township (6 miles on a side) section (1 miles per side) quarter section (.5 mile on each side) |
|
|
Meridian |
N/S lines that follow the longitudes of the earth and that are used as the basis for the US survey system |
|
|
Metes and Bounds |
verbal description of land that begins at a known point and describes the bearing and length of each side of the property |
|
|
A Parallel |
an E/W line that follows the latitudes of the earth |
|
|
A range |
a row of townships running north and south from a principal meridian. |
|
|
exit access travel distance |
distance a building occupant must travel from the most remote point in the occupied portion of the exit access to the entrance of the nearest exit |
|
|
common path of egress travel |
the portion of an exit access that the occupants are required to traverse before two separate distinct paths of egress travel to two exists are available. |
|
|
exit separation distance |
the minimum distance by which two exits must be separated when two exits are required |
|
|
strategic facility planning - 3 basic business drivers |
1) company's revenue 2) number of employees 3) overall sales |
|
|
Acre |
43,560 feet2 |
|
|
Tax increment financing |
a method cities use to issue bonds to pay for improvements (such as new sewers or streets) within a specified district that are intended to stimulate private development within the district. |
|
|
business improvement districts |
used to fund public space improvements, such as streetscapes, to enhance an area's appeal and, indirectly, its property values |
|
|
C401 |
Standard Form of Agreement Between Architect and Consultant - consultants are responsible for code compliance regarding their areas of the work. By signing their documents, the consultants become responsible for compliance with codes and regulations. |
|
|
utilization ratio |
used by firms to determine the amount of time spent on billable work as a percentage of total time for which an employee is compensated. used in an analysis of the profitability and financial standing of a firm. calculated by dividing direct hours by total hours. |
|
|
subrogation |
the legal technique whereby an insurer "steps into the shoes" of a party to whom it has made payment. |
|
|
Contractor's overhead and profit typically amount to what percentage of the construction cost? |
15%-40% |
|
|
blanket loan |
used for the purchase of land that a developer intends to subdivide and resell. Generally, it includes a clause that releases each subdivided plot from the loan as it is purchased and a portion of the debt is repaid |
|
|
bridge loan |
short-term loan used to close quickly on a property or to finance a project that must begin immediately while waiting for another lender to approve a long-term loan. |
|
|
Mezzanine Loan |
used by developers... large loans with a variable interest rate that increases substantially near the time that the repayment is due. Stock in the developer's company is used as collateral. |
|
|
Conventional mortgage |
a loan that may have a fixed or adjustable interest rate. The party borrowing the money agrees to repay the loan over a period of time, and when the debt it repaid, the borrower has clear title to the property. |
