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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Advantages of a CMA?
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Acceptance by readers that the outcomes are equivalent.
Ability to compare cost of receiving the same medication in different locations. |
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What units are used in CEA?
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Costs: $$
Outcomes: Natural health units (eg mmHg for BP) |
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CEA disadvantages?
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Can't compare studies where the outcomes are measured in different units.
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INB
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Incremental Net Benefit, an alternative to ICER that is calculated as follows.
INB = (L*delta outcomes) - delta costs L = society's willingness to pay factor. If the INB is > 0 then this represents a cost effective treatment. INB's avoid some of the statistical problems associated with ICER. |
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Primary Outcomes
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The preferred units of measurement such at LYG, infections cured, etc.
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Intermediate Outcomes
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If it's not feasible to measure primary outcomes due to $ or time constraints, alternative data can be collected. The difference is that these data have a weaker association with the final outcomes.
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Why should pharmacoeconomists be careful when using randomized clinical trial's data?
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1. Costs are higher in RCT because they monitor more
2. RCT patients are more adherent because they know they're being watched closely. 3. RCT patients are selected to not have confounding co-morbidities and are from a narrower age range. |
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If PE use RCT data, what steps should they take to help them along?
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Exclude protocol driven studies and cnduct sensitivity analyses to account for differences between RCT patients and a trial that would've included a broader array of patients.
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Efficacy vs effectiveness
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Efficacy deals with if a drug can work under ideal conditions (Eg FDA trials). Effectiveness deals with if the drug can work in real-life practice (PE studies).
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In conducting CEA what disputes can arise?
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What discount rates should be used?
Discounting non-monetary values (are future health gains less valued that gains today?) |
