Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
188 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the 3 gross motor red flags for a 3 month old?
|
-asymmetrical movements
-hypertonic or hypotonic -asymmetric primitive reflexes |
|
|
Describe the fine motor red flags of a 3 month old
|
-hand held fisted: cortical thumb
-absent or asymmetric palmar grasp |
|
|
what are the language and hearing signs that you don't want to see in a 3 month old?
|
-No start to sound or sudden noises
-no quieting to voice -High pitched cry |
|
|
What would be some psychosocial and emotional red flags for a 3 month old?
|
-diffuse nonverbal cues
-Poor state transitions -irritable |
|
|
What is the minimum accepted weight gain during the first 3 months?
|
1 lb per week
|
|
|
what is the head circumference growth red flag for 3 months?
|
greater than 2 standard deviations on growth curve or showing no increase in size
|
|
|
How old is it officially a red flag if a baby is having trouble with swallow and suck?
|
3 months
|
|
|
When does colic usually go away in infants?
|
by 3 months
|
|
|
List the 4 gross motor red flags of a 6 month old.
|
-persistent primitive reflex
-does not attempt to sit with support -head lag with pull to sit -scissoring |
|
|
A child of ___ months that does not reach for objects, holds rattle, holds hands together or grasp their clothes would have a fine motor red flag.
|
6 months
|
|
|
At what age should an infant pull a blanket down from his or her face when it is thrown on them?>
|
7 months
|
|
|
WHen should a child bring their hands together?
|
4 months
|
|
|
A child of 6 months would said to have language and hearing red flags if he or she dos not...
|
-babble
-respond to voice, bell, rattle or loud noise with startle |
|
|
A child of ___ months should not have a solemn appearance, not smile or have no response to play
|
6 months
|
|
|
When should a child double their birthweight?
|
6 months
|
|
|
Other than weight, what are the physical red flags of a 6 month old
|
-no increase in HC
-continuation of poor feeding or sleep regulation -difficulty with self calming |
|
|
A child of 9 months should not show what gross motor signs?
|
-does not sit even in tripod position
-no lateral prop reflex -asymmetric crawl, handedness or other abnormal movements |
|
|
List the 4 fine motor red flags of a 9 month old.
|
-no self feeding
-no high chair sitting -no solids -does not pick up toy with one hand |
|
|
A child of __ months should definitely respond to their name
|
9
|
|
|
When should a child reciprocally vocalize?
|
9 months
|
|
|
A lack of single or double consonant sounds is a red flag at what age?
|
9 months
|
|
|
ToF: it is ok for a child of 9 months to have night awakenings that persist because sleeping habits have not settled yet.
|
false: it is a red flag at 9 months
|
|
|
ToF: a child of 9 months may be offered a bottle in bed for sleep
|
false it is a red flag
|
|
|
A child of 9 months that is not phsychocially or emotionally developing may have what behaviors?
|
-intense or absent stranger anxiety
-does not seek comfort from caregiver in times of stress |
|
|
ToF; a child of 12 months that is not moving around the environment is not a red flag just yet.
|
false; it is
|
|
|
when is the latest that is acceptable for a child to pull to stand?
|
12 months
|
|
|
a child of 12 months should not have which fine motor signs?
|
-persistent mouthing
-no attempting to feed self or hold cup -not able to hold toy in each hand or transfer objects |
|
|
what are Burn's language and hearing red flags for a 12 month old?
|
-inability to localize to sound
-not imitating speech sounds -not using 2-3 words -does not point or uses only gestures or pointing |
|
|
What are the physical red flags for a 12 month old?
|
-less than triple the birth weight
-losing more than 2 standard deviations on the growth curve for all 3 -poor sleep wake cycle -extremem inability to separate from parents |
|
|
List the receptive language milestones of a 0-3month old.
|
-attend to voice
-turns head or eyes -startle to loud sounds -quiets in response to voice -smiles, coos and gurgles to voice |
|
|
Having an undifferentiated but strong cry, cooing and gurgling and using single syllable repetition (G, K, H, NG) are ___ language milestones of __ to ___ month olds
|
expressive; 0-3
|
|
|
What is the age where a child May seek sound source, may look in response to name, and responses may vary from happy to angry?
|
3-6 months
|
|
|
At what age does a child start to laugh?
|
3-6 months
|
|
|
Do children age 3-6 months old start to vocalize to toys and when they are removed
|
yes
|
|
|
When does a child start to learn "NO"?
|
6-9 months
|
|
|
At what age does individual names begin to take on meaning?
|
6-9 months
|
|
|
Does a child of 9-12 months old understand "Hot"?
|
Yes
|
|
|
A _ to __ months old will imitate animals sounds, increase jargon, gesture with vocalizations, turn head to name and give toy upon request.
|
9-12
|
|
|
What is early intervention?
|
privision of support and resources to families of young children from members of informal and formal social support networks that both directly and indirectly influence child, parent and family functioning
|
|
|
At what ages are the standardizes screening tools used for developmental delays?
|
9, 18 and 30 months
|
|
|
When is an MCHAT done on a child?
|
18 and 24 months
|
|
|
At what ages are the standardizes screening tools used for developmental delays?
|
9, 18 and 30 months
|
|
|
When is an MCHAT done on a child?
|
18 and 24 months
|
|
|
What is the NPs job after referring a child to early intervention?
|
Follow up on referrals made and continually track child's developmental status
|
|
|
What are the areas of development in which a delay may make the child eligible for early intervention?
|
-cognitive
-physical (motor, vision, hearing, or nutrition) -social or emotional -adaptive |
|
|
How many areas must there be a delay for a child to get early intervention in NJ?
|
2 or more
|
|
|
Does a diagnosis with a physical or mental condition that has a high probability of resulting in a developmental delay make a child eligible for early intervention?
|
Yes
|
|
|
What is the purpose of an IFSP?
|
to indentify and organize formal and informal resource to assess a family in reaching outcomes for family and themselves (mother does the exercises everyday)
|
|
|
What is the used name of the diagnosis of a 3 year old with developmental problems and eligible for daily school services?
|
preschool disabled
|
|
|
ToF; a child receiving school services for being preschool disabled will show on their record so that future teachers are aware of it.
|
FALSE not on the record
|
|
|
ToF: the PCP CANNOT prescribe the frequency of early intervention services
|
True
|
|
|
When is an Hg often done on an infant?
|
6-12 months
|
|
|
What are the fluoride dosing for children?
|
-0.25mg/1cc 6months-3 year old
-0.5mg/1cc 3-6 years old -1 mg/ tab 6-16 years |
|
|
At what age does fluoride introduction occur?
|
6 months
|
|
|
What are the growths standards for W, H, and HC for 0-3 months old?
|
Weight: 8 ounce/week
height: 3.5cm/month HC: 2 cm regain or exceed birth wt by 2 weeks |
|
|
What are the growth standards for all values from 3-6 months?
|
Weight: 5 ounces/week
Height: 2cm month HC: 1cm Birth weight doubles at 6 monts |
|
|
List the growth requirements for infants 6-12 months according to the chart.
|
W: 3-4 ounces a week
H: 1.2 cm -1.5 cm/month HC: 0.5cm |
|
|
What are the factors asked in regards to appetitie and intake?
|
preference, allergies, intolerances, chewing or swallowing problems
|
|
|
What is meant by antrhopometric data?
|
height, weight and HC
|
|
|
ToF: Vitamin D supplements should be started in breastfed babies at 4 days old.
|
true
|
|
|
What is the usual intake that meet the requirements of half of the healthy population for ages?
|
Estimated average requirement (EAR)
|
|
|
What is the recommended dietary allowance?
|
average dietary intake level requirements of nearly ALL healthy individuals
|
|
|
The Adequate Intake (AI) is an ___
|
approximation of intake of groups of individuals
|
|
|
describe the tolerable upper intatke level
|
highest level of dietary intake of a nutrient that poses no risk to the majority of the population
|
|
|
What is the average number of calories that should be eaten by normal and premature 0-6 month olds?
|
Normal: 108 calories/kg
Premie: 120cal/kg |
|
|
How many cal/kg should 6-12 months old eat?
|
98
|
|
|
What is the carb requirement for 0-6 months and 7-12 months?
|
60g/day in 0-6 months
95 g/day in 7-12 months |
|
|
ToF: juice is a good source of carbohydrates
|
false: only allow 2 ounces a day!
|
|
|
ToF: all breast fed infants should be supplemented with Vitamin D unless they are taking in more than 200ml a day
|
false!: 500mL a day
|
|
|
What are the protein requirements of infancy?
|
0-6 months: 9.1g/day
6-12 months: 11 g/dau |
|
|
What is the UL of iron intake?
|
40mg/day
|
|
|
How much iron is the RDA for 6-12 months?
|
11mg/day
|
|
|
How long do iron stores last in full term infants?
|
4-6 months
|
|
|
ToF: preterm infants hold on to iron longer than full term infants
|
false: they deplete their storage faster
|
|
|
ToF: breastfed babies should have supplemental iron
|
False: they don't need it; check their Hct at 6 months
|
|
|
who are the infants that are at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency?
|
breastfeeding vegetarian moms *may cause zinc depletion too
|
|
|
What is the result of B12 deficiency ?
|
causes failure to thrive, movement disorders, delayed development, megaloblastic anemia
|
|
|
What are the dosing for supplemental B12?
|
0.4 and 0.5 mcg/day
|
|
|
List eh 5 movements taht affect feeding.
|
-rooting reflex: 0-3months
-tongue thrust reflex (0-4 months) -suck swallow pattern -gag -bite reflex |
|
|
How many calories should a baby > 9lbs be getting?
|
20calories/oz (0.67 calories/cc)
|
|
|
What is the common whey to casein ratio?
|
60:40 similar to human
|
|
|
What is the fat content of formula?
|
50% of calories form fat are from saturated and polyunsaturated fat
|
|
|
What is the carbohydrate composition of formula?
|
lactose: beneficially effect on mineral absorption (Ca, Zn, Mg) and on colonic flora
|
|
|
What does formula usually say about micronutrients in it?
|
Higher vitamin and mineral content than human milk to cover 97% of the population
|
|
|
What are the 3 forms of formula?
|
-ready to feed: most expensive, dose not require water
-concentrate; requires mixing with water in equal parts -powder: requires mixing with water |
|
|
ToF: the whey proteins added to formula are of the same kind as those in human breast milk?
|
False: the cow's milk differ from human milk with differing amino acid profiles
|
|
|
ToF: there is evidence that adding whey proteins to formula produce a product that is superior to a standard cow milk based formula
|
False
|
|
|
What are the 2 long chain fatty acids added to formula to make baby smarter?
|
DHA and AHA
|
|
|
What is DHA?
|
-found in gray matter of brain and retina
-sources in fish, organ meats and fortified eggs |
|
|
What is ARA?
|
Arachiodonic acid
-omega 6 fatty acid support brain growth -precursor to eiconsanoid regulation of body function as immunity and blood clotting |
|
|
What are the 3 reasons for adding LC-PUFA to formula?
|
-postnatal accretion of these fatty acids is important because substantial myelination and synaptogenesis occur during postnatal brain growth support
-DHA and AA are the main omega 6 and 6 fatty acids in the CNS -DHA the major fatty acid in retina |
|
|
___ __ (the ultimate prebiotic) promotes the colonization of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli
|
breast milk
|
|
|
what is the goal of putting probiotics in formula?
|
to manipulate the bacterial colonization of formula fed infants to reseble that in breast fed infants
|
|
|
what are the 2 formulas on the market that contain probiotics in the US?
|
-Bifidobacteria lactis and lactobacillus GG
|
|
|
What is a prebiotic?
|
non-digestible food ingredient that benefits the host by stimulating the favorable growth and/or activity of one or more indigenous probiotic bacteria
|
|
|
What are the prebiotics now added to formula?
|
galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) or fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS)
|
|
|
ToF: there has been many risks associated with the incorporation of probiotics to formula
|
false
|
|
|
what is the most common base for formula?
|
cow's milk
|
|
|
What formula is used for vegetarians, lactase deficiency and galactosemia?
|
soy
|
|
|
ToF: lactose free formula is cow milk base
|
true
|
|
|
What formula is given to infants who cannot digest or are allergic to intact protein
|
extensively hydrolyzed formula
|
|
|
how many cal/oz are in preterm infant formula
|
24cal/ounce
|
|
|
what type of formulas are recommended for preterm infants?
|
amino acid formulas: predominantly whey, cows milk, with higher protein and calcium
|
|
|
What is the hallmark sign of an infant with cow's milk allergy
|
solid blood in the stool
|
|
|
What must an infant with cow's milk allergy take for formula?
|
hydrolyzed formulas
|
|
|
What are the 2 hydrolyzed formulas on the market?
|
neutramagen and alimentum
|
|
|
partially hydrolyzed formula contains __ __ having molecular weights of generally less than 5000 daltons
|
oligo peptides
|
|
|
ToF: hydrolyzed formulas are hypoallergenic
|
True
|
|
|
What is the hallmark sign of an infant with cow's milk allergy
|
solid blood in the stool
|
|
|
What must an infant with cow's milk allergy take for formula?
|
hydrolyzed formulas
|
|
|
What are the 2 hydrolyzed formulas on the market?
|
neutramagen and alimentum
|
|
|
partially hydrolyzed formula contains __ __ having molecular weights of generally less than 5000 daltons
|
oligo peptides
|
|
|
ToF: hydrolyzed formulas are hypoallergenic
|
True
|
|
|
What are the Casein hydrolysates formulas that contain glucose polymers that are primary carbohydrate source and MCT?
|
-alimentum
-nutramagen -nutramagen LIPIL -Progestimil |
|
|
Amino Acid formulas are partially hydrolyzed __ __
|
whey protein
|
|
|
ToF: protein hydrolysate are not better than cow's milk or human milk in presenting atopic disease.
|
FALSE: better than cow's milk but not as good as human
|
|
|
What are the amino acid formulas with reduced lactose content?
|
-Elecare
-Neocate -Nutramigen AA |
|
|
ToF: organic formulas contain organic sugars that may make them sweeter
|
True sucrose
|
|
|
What infants are given either enfamil lipil-24 or similac special care advance 24 and how much?
|
Premature infants in the hospital and they should not get more than 12 ounces per day
|
|
|
what formulas are preterm infants transitioned to and how long are they on it?
|
Enfamil Enfacare LIPIL (22cal/oz)
-34 weeks gestation and continued for 6-9 months |
|
|
What are the concerns from the AAP on formulas?
|
- potential harm
-paucity of data -increased cost |
|
|
Which infants are given portagen?
|
-those with liver disease
-pancreatic insufficiency -chylothorax |
|
|
Similac 60/40 has less __ and thus is given to infants with renal or __ conditions
|
salt; cardiac
|
|
|
What are the symptoms of an IgE mediated reaction to cow's milk?
|
eczema, vomiting, allergic rhinitis
|
|
|
What type of IgE reaction will a child with bloody stool have?
|
Non IgE mediated protein intolerance to cow's milk
|
|
|
What is the treatment for cow's milk protein reactions?
|
change of formula to protein hydrolysate
|
|
|
What type of food is ok to give 4-6 month old?
|
Cereal with iron
|
|
|
At what WEIGHT will a child wake up in the night if they are not fed enough?
|
17.5lbs
|
|
|
When a child is 5-6 months and sitting with normal support, what types of foods can they be introduced to?
|
Fruits and veges, (veges first)
|
|
|
When should a HCP tell a mother of a 4 month old to start introduce a new food?
|
Sunday start
|
|
|
ToF: it is ok to give a child of 7-8 months wheat since they are being introduced to protein and finger foods?
|
False: no wheat
|
|
|
Why can children 7-8months be be introduced to proteins and finger foods?
|
they have an improved pincer grasp
|
|
|
at what age can a child be given soft table food and be allowed to self-feed?
|
10-12 months
|
|
|
ToF: a child should be introduced to a small amount of juice including orange and pineapple.
|
false: they are cause of many allergic reactions
|
|
|
How should juice be given to infants?
|
at 6-7 months in a sippy cup
|
|
|
When can a child be given egg whites?
|
1 year
|
|
|
When should a child be on a 3 meal a day schedule
|
7-8 months
|
|
|
ToF: it is ok to add a little salt or sugar to an infants food to help with taste
|
FALSE: should not add either
|
|
|
What are the best ways to prevent allergy or to ensure that an allergy is known when feeding an infant?
|
-start on new food at a time and wait 5 days between new food
-avoid allergenic foods: egg whites, peanuts and peanut butter |
|
|
ToF: babies should have their teeth and gums cleaned daily
|
True with no toothpaste
|
|
|
ToF: babies cannot have honey in the fist year of life
|
true
|
|
|
What are the conversation pieces to have with parents about constipation?
|
-make sure you get a great history
-no switching formula, cut back on solids if they are under 6 months -encourage activity |
|
|
What is infant dyspenesia?
|
when the mother notices that the infants grunts as they are passing stool
|
|
|
ToF: infants must start food by 6 months or they will have feeding problems
|
true according to rita
|
|
|
ToF: you should encourage mothers to eat with their child
|
true
|
|
|
To prepare powder formula you use __ ounces to one scoop of powder
|
2
|
|
|
What are the feeding skills of a 0-4 months old
|
sucks and swallows liquid
|
|
|
An infant of _- to __ months old has a feeding skill of beginning to eat solid foods
|
4-6
|
|
|
What are the feeding skills of a 6 month old
|
begins to use a cup
|
|
|
a child with a feeding skill of feeding them-self is how old?
|
8-12 months
|
|
|
What would be the best complementary food to introduce that would complement the nutrient's in formula or breast milk as the composition of breast milk reaches maturity?
|
red meat
|
|
|
What are the advantages to the early introduction of complementary goods that have allergic potential including food allergy later in life?
|
Maybe not good to hold off on allergic foods, and can decipher if and allergy exists early
|
|
|
The ___ nucleus of the hypothalamus is the __ timekeeper
|
suprachiasmatic; circadian
|
|
|
where does the hypothalamus get its input from in regulating sleep
|
the retina
|
|
|
List the ethnocultural and socioeconomic differences found in children with sleep disorders
|
-non-hispanic white children
-higher income -more education |
|
|
Melatonin is responsible for what and where is it found
|
sleep inducing hormone found in the pineal gland
|
|
|
ToF: a rapid and sympathetic response to our babies cries is the foundation of strong family values, not the undermining of them
|
True in the first 6 months
|
|
|
ToF: co-sleeping is recommended and thought to increase a child's trust in the caretaker.
|
false: AAP says it increases risk of SIDS
|
|
|
ToF: car sleeping is not advised in infants
|
true
|
|
|
Should a child sleep with pillow, quilts, blankets or sheets to prevent hypothermia?
|
NO: just sleep clothing
|
|
|
When can pacifier use be used in a baby that is breastfeeding at what age?
|
3-4 weeks
|
|
|
ToF: breastfeeding is protective against SIDS
|
True!
|
|
|
Is overheating a risk for SIDS?
|
Yes
|
|
|
ToF: there has been sufficient evidence in the use of fans for infants to prevent overheating and thus SIDS.
|
false: insufficient evidence
|
|
|
Having the baby on the tummy decreases the risk for ___
|
plagiochephaly
|
|
|
ToF: a baby should be placed on their tummy daily through the time they roll from back to belly
|
false: no need to place on belly after they roll to back
|
|
|
What type of surface should a baby sleep on.
|
firm
|
|
|
At what age should a child be able to sleep through the night without food
|
18 months
|
|
|
What are the key factors in doing a clinical evaluation of sleep disorder in children?
|
-past and current MEDICAL hx
-SOCIAL hx/stressor -DEVELOPMENTAL/SCHOOL hx |
|
|
what are the sleep diagnostic tools used in primary care?
|
-sleep diaries: 2 week baseline
-home videotaping; paroxysmal arousals |
|
|
What are the diagnostic tools used by sleep specialists?
|
-polysomnography: OSAS, PLMD, EDS, parasomnias
-MSLT -actigraphy |
|
|
What does BEARS stand for?
|
-B: bedtime (does child have problems going to bed or falling asleep)
-E: excessive daytime sleepiness (is your child sleeping during the day -A: Awakenings during the night waking (does your child wake up a lot at night) -R: regularity and duration of sleep ( does your child have a regular bedtime and wake time) -S: snoring (does your child snore a lot or have difficulty breathing at night) |
|
|
What are the characteristics of sleep regulation in a 0-1 month old?
|
-encourage mom to put child in own crib
-slow easy movement to decrease startle or Moro -Gentile massage to calm them to self regulate |
|
|
What are the sleep regulation factors for a 1-3 month old?
|
-start to develop structure
-repetitive stimulation: rocking to encourage infant to quiet down -Sensitivity to Moro -Back to sleep, not side -get child drowsy and then place child to sleep |
|
|
At what age should parent have nighttime rituals, a good view of their infant's temperament, and a consistent prompt response to infant crying?
|
3-6 months
|
|
|
what are the sleep regulation factors for a 6-8 month old?
|
-may need assistance to resume sleep pattern
-teaching infants to sleep in their own crib -development of self regulation skills -can wait for gratification -talking to infant to meet their needs |
|
|
What are the sleep regulations for a 9-12 month old?
|
-transition object
-predictable daily schedule -nighttime routine -temperament variations |
|
|
what are the 3 approaches to train infants to sleep?
|
-extinction (graduated extinction)
-scheduled awakenings -positive routine |
|
|
Describe the extinction technique of sleep training.
|
-put baby to bed at regular time
-ignore the babies cries -takes 3-5 days |
|
|
What is an extinction burst?
|
behavior that is more dramatic than before and occurs within 5-10 days of initiation of the plan
|
|
|
What is the graduated extinction method?
|
-Most accepted by the parent
-extinction method combined with parental checks which are faded over time -ignore child's behavior but check on interval (2, 5, 10 minutes) |
|
|
What are the 4 areas targeted for fading in the graduated extinction approach to sleep training?
|
-physical contact
-proximity of parent to the child -duration of intervals -duration of actual check |
|
|
What is the scheduled awakening technique?
|
-Establish the child's sleep and night waking
-wake the child up before the child usually wakes up for 10 days -then fade the wakening -prevents child from reaching a full wakening |
|
|
What are the drawbacks to the scheduled awakening approach?
|
takes much longer, hard on the parent, does not address bedtime resistance
|
|
|
What is the most common pediatric sleep disorder?
|
night waking
|
|
|
ToF: most yound children with frequent night waking rely on nonadaptive sleep associates (rocking, feeding, paternal presence) to fall asleep
|
true
|
|
|
Describe delayed sleep phase syndrome. who gets it most commonly?
|
-difficulty to wake in the am and have difficulty falling asleep
-more common in adolescent and young adults |
|
|
What are the common parasomnias of childhood?
|
-night terrors (first 1/3 of the night in ages 4-12)
-Nightmares (during REM, do not expose to TV or movies that are scary) -Sleepwalking (15-40% of children do it at last once) |
