Ppal99 Dissecting Usmle Step 1,2,3 4Th Edition

Front 1

Cancer Terminology:

Back 1

⇧N /C ratio monclonal origin
= N/C (nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio)

Front 2

what test is done to find out if a compound is cancerous?
what does it measure

Back 2

Ames test measures DNA damage

Front 3

Hypertrophy:

Back 3

increased cell size
(Ex: bodybuilders)

Front 4

Hyperplasia:

Back 4

increased cell number

Front 5

Atrophy:

Back 5

decreased organ or tissue size
(Ex: clenervation)

Front 6

Anaplasia:

Back 6

regress to mesenchymal origin (worst)

Front 7

Metaplasia:

Back 7

change from one adult cell type to another
(Ex: Barrett's esophagus)

Front 8

Dysplasia

Back 8

"carcinoma in situ": lose contact inhibition (cells crawl on each other)

Front 9

Neoplasm:

Back 9

new growth

Front 10

Desmoplasia:

Back 10

cell wraps itself w / dense fibrous tissue

Front 11

describe a benign tumor:
mobility, shape, capsule, metastasis, physiology, pain, growth

Back 11

• well circumscribed
• freely mobile
• maintains capsule
• no metastasis
• obeys physiology (normal)
• hurts by compression (reason for surgery)
• slow growing

Front 12

describe a malignant:
mobility, shape, capsule, metastasis, physiology, pain, growth

Back 12

• not well circumscribed
• fixed/ adherent
• no capsule
• can metastasize
• doesn't obey physiology (not normal)
• hurts by metastasis
• rapidly growing (outgrows blood supply ⇨ hunts for blood ⇨ secretes angiogenin and endostatin)

Front 13

MCC of death of all cancer. what are the exceptions?

Back 13

>>infection
>>except cervical/endometrial = RF

Front 14

most common age of cancer in males and female (cervical, ovarian and breast)

Back 14

Men: 0-30 +, > 50 y/o
Women: 30-50 y/o (cervical, ovarian, breast)

Front 15

cancers that are fast Killers

Back 15

Pancreatic cancer
Esophageal cancer

Front 16

definition of Cancer First Name:
Adeno-

Back 16

Glandular

Front 17

Cancer First Name of Smooth muscle

Back 17

= Leiomyo- "smooth liars"

Front 18

Cancer First Name of Skeletal muscle

Back 18

Rhabdomyo-

Front 19

Cancer First Name of Blood vessel

Back 19

Hemangio-

Front 20

Cancer First Name of Fat

Back 20

Lipo-

Front 21

Cancer First Name of Bone

Back 21

Osteo-

Front 22

Cancer First Name of Fibrous tissue

Back 22

Fibro-

Front 23

Cancer last Name of Tumor

Back 23

-oma

Front 24

Cancer last Name for Cancer:

Back 24

-carcinoma

Front 25

Cancer last Name for
Connective Tissue Cancer: prognosis

Back 25

-sarcoma (the worst prognosis)

Front 26

lymphoma

Back 26

sarcoma

Front 27

Melanoma

Back 27

sarcoma

Front 28

Mesothelioma

Back 28

sarcoma

Front 29

Seminoma

Back 29

carcinoma

Front 30

Hepatoma

Back 30

carcinoma

Front 31

Teratoma

Back 31

carcinoma

Front 32

Retinoblastoma

Back 32

carcinoma

Front 33

Neuroblastoma

Back 33

carcinoma

Front 34

Nephroblastoma

Back 34

carcinoma

Front 35

Hamartoma

Back 35

non-tumor, abnormal growth of normal tissue
(Ex: keloid, polyp)

Front 36

Choristoma

Back 36

non-tumor, normal tissue in wrong place
(Ex: Meckel's, endometriosis)

Front 37

Organs with most blood supply:
name the most common CA in these areas?

Back 37

most common cancer in these areas is metastasis
Organs with most blood supply are the following"
"BLAP"
>>Brain (grey-white jxn)
>> Bone (bone marrow)
>> Lung
>>Liver (portal vein, hepatic artery)
>> Adrenal gland (renal arteries)
>>Pericardium (coronary arteries)

Front 38

Clinorchis senesis

Back 38

Gallbladder CA

Front 39

Strep bovis

Back 39

Colon CA

Front 40

Clostridium septicum

Back 40

Colon CA

Front 41

Schistosoma hematobium:

Back 41

Bladder CA

Front 42

Schistosoma mansoni:

Back 42

Liver CA

Front 43

explain 1-hit hypothesis:

Back 43

1) Repressor damaged => childhood presentation
Ex: Rb mut =>Ewing's osteosarcoma
Rb (tumor suppressor)
p53 mut =>breast, ovary cancer

Front 44

explain 2-hit hypothesis: which one is more common?

Back 44

99% of cancers
1) Initiator was damaged
2) Promoter came along

Front 45

AJC Classification: staging

Back 45

• Stage I: localized
• Stage II: through cell wall
• Stage III: to lymph node
• Stage IV: metastasis

Front 46

TNM Classification:

Back 46

• T =tumor
• N = lymph node
• M = metastasis

Front 47

Duke Classification:

Back 47

• A: mucosa
• B1: muscularis
• B2: through serosa
• C: lymph nodes
• D: metastasis

Front 48

Tumor Lysis Syndrome: deseases that can cause this

Back 48

1) CLL
2) Non-Hodgkin's lymghoma

Front 49

describe what happends in tumor lysis syndrome

Back 49

⇧K (burst cells)
⇧Phos (from inside cells)
⇩Ca (Phos precipitated it)
⇧Uric acid (from purines in cell)

Front 50

where does lung cancer commonly metastasize?

Back 50

Brain

Front 51

Lung cancer where is the most Common Metastasis?

Back 51

Brain

Front 52

where is the most Common Metastasis of skin cancer?

Back 52

Brain

Front 53

where is the most Common Metastasis of Thyroid cancer?

Back 53

Lung

Front 54

where is the most Common Metastasis of Liver cancer?

Back 54

Lung

Front 55

where is the most Common Metastasis of Kidney Cancer?

Back 55

Lung

Front 56

where is the most Common Metastasis Colon cancer?

Back 56

Liver

Front 57

where is the most Common Metastasis Anus Cancer?

Back 57

Liver

Front 58

where is the most Common Metastasis of Breast cancer?

Back 58

Bone

Front 59

where is the most Common Metastasis of Prostate cancer?

Back 59

Lymphatics

Front 60

where is the most Common Metastasis of Testicles cancer?

Back 60

Retroperitoneum

Front 61

the BRAIN has what type of cell?
what are the risk factors?

Back 61

cell type is an astrocyte
(increased risk radiation exposure, HIV)

Front 62

Meningioma
location
clues (2)
prognosis

Back 62

>>an Intracranial tumor
>>psammoma bodies, whorling pattern
>>best prognosis

Front 63

what are the 1° Brain tumors (5)

Back 63

"GOES Ape"
Astrocytoma:
Glioma
Oligodendroglioma
Schwannoma
Ependymoma:

Front 64

Astrocytoma: clues and tx

Back 64

Rosenthal fibers, #1 in kids with occipital HA
(Tx: resection)

Front 65

Glioma

Back 65

1° Brain tumors
monocular blindness

Front 66

Oligodendroglioma

Back 66

1° Brain tumor
fried-egg appearance
nodular calcification
"Oligo Eggo"

Front 67

Schwannoma

Back 67

1° Brain tumor
(CN8 tumor, unilateral deafness)

Front 68

Ependymoma

Back 68

1° Brain tumor.
rosettes in 4th ventricle, hydrocephalus

Front 69

Brain Cancer:
what cancers commonly Metastises to the brain?
where would it be seen?

Back 69

from lung, breast, skin
see at white-grey junction

Front 70

1° Brain Cancer:
Glioblastoma Multiforme:

Back 70

pseudopalisading, necrosis, worst prognosis, butterfly

Front 71

what are psammoma bodies? and name the diseases that have them.

Back 71

calcified rocks due to tissue compression
Papillary (thyroid)
Serous (ovary)
Adenocarcinoma (ovary)
Meningioma
Mesothelioma

Front 72

Spinal Cord Syndromes:

Back 72

Spinal stenosis
Cauda equina syndrome:
Conus medularis (S4-S5):

Front 73

Spinal stenosis

Back 73

back hurts when walk upstairs, relieved w/ leaning forward

Front 74

Cauda equina syndrome

Back 74

"saddle anesthesia": can't feel butt, thighs, perineum

Front 75

Conus medularis (S4-S5)

Back 75

perianal anesthesia

Front 76

what is a partial seizure and tx

Back 76

conscious, talking
(Tx: Carbamazepine)

Front 77

Simple partial

Back 77

sensory disturbances

Front 78

Complex partial (4)

Back 78

incontinence, post-ictal confusion, deja vu, lip smacking

Front 79

what is Generalized seizures?
name all 10 of them (adult and children)

Back 79

Unconscious seizures
Adults: Myotonic, Tonic clonic "Grand Mal", Atonic, Benign Rolandic, Status Epilepticus, Temporal
Children: Absence "petit mal", Infantile spasm, Lennox-Gasteau, Febrile

Front 80

tonic clonic "grand mal" seizure: define and Tx

Back 80

most common seizure
Tonic: freeze (contract)
Clonic: jerk
Tx: Valproate

Front 81

Absence "petit mal"; presentation, EEG and tx

Back 81

blank stare, EEG: 3-Hz spike and wave (Tx: Ethosuximide)

Front 82

Status Epilepticus: define and tx

Back 82

Def: continuous seizures >20min
Tx: Lorazepam ⇨ Phenytoin ⇨ Phenobarbital⇨Midazolam/lntubation

Front 83

Febrile seizures: describe and tx

Back 83

kids, occurs during rise in temp, not peak temp
Tx: Acetaminophen

Front 84

Temporal seizures: define and tx

Back 84

have hallucinations before seizure
(Tx: Carbamazepine)

Front 85

Benign Rolandic
decribe
treatment

Back 85

kid screams in night, then eyes flutter/twitch and sleeps,
he will outgrow this.

Front 86

Myotonic: describe and tx

Back 86

increased muscle tone, arms fling forward
Tx: Valproic acid

Front 87

Infantile spasm

Back 87

looks like myotonic, but occurs < 1 y / o

Front 88

Atonic seizures

Back 88

loose all body tone, drop to ground like a wet noodle, then writhe like a snake

Front 89

Lennox-Gasteau
describe
treatment

Back 89

hundreds of seizures everyday
(Tx: EEG, then lobectomy)

Front 90

Epilepsy
describe
management

Back 90

recurrent idiopathic seizures
contact DMV (no driver's license)

Front 91

ER Seizure tx

Back 91

Tx: 20mg/kg Phenytoin⇨ 0.1mg/kg Lorazepam (at 30min)⇨ Pentobarbital coma

Front 92

what are the anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum Tumors?

Back 92

Anterior: Thymoma
Middle: Pericardial
Posterior: Neuro tumors

Front 93

most common pituitary adenoma (tumor) that is functional? ,non-functional?

Back 93

Adenoma
• Functional: Prolactinoma (5%)
• Non-functional: Chromophobes (95%)

Front 94

pituitary cancer:

Back 94

Adenocarcinoma (rare)

Front 95

pineal Adenoma =
Loss of upward gaze =
Loss of circadian rhythms =
PINEAL Tumor Tx =

Back 95

Adenoma = "Pinealoma"
• Loss of upward gaze: "Parinaud syndrome"
• Loss of circadian rhythms: Precocious puberty
• Tx: Leuprolide

Front 96

pineal cancer

Back 96

Adenocarcinoma (rare)

Front 97

Medulloblastoma
location
symptoms
clues
adults and kids

Back 97

POSTERIOR FOSSA TUMOR:
early morning vomiting.
pseudorosettes, compresses brain,
#1 post fossa tumor, #2 in kids

Front 98

Craniopharyngioma
location
presentation
biopsy

Back 98

POSTERIOR FOSSA TUMOR:
early morning vomiting, bitemporal hemianopsia
motor oil biopsy, tooth enamel, Rathke's pouch,

Front 99

POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM:
Tumor:

Back 99

Neuroma

Front 100

POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM: Cancer:

Back 100

Neuroblastoma

Front 101

Neuroblastoma
define
regression rate
presentation

Back 101

adrenal medulla tumor in kids; highest spontaneous regression rate
abdominal mass,dancing eyes "hypsarrhythmia", dancing feet "myoclonus

Front 102

what is pheochromocytoma? 5P's and its rule's of 10

Back 102

adrenal medulla tumor in adults => sx come/ go
• 5 P's: Palpitation, Perspiration, Pallor, Pressure (HTN), Pain (HA)
• Rule of 10's: 10% are malignant/ calcify, familial, found in kids, bilateral, extra-adrenal

Front 103

pheochromocytoma test

Back 103

Tests: Phentolamine (short acting αns,-blocker => drop in BP), urinary VMA

Front 104

treatment of pheochromocytoma

Back 104

• Tx: Phenoxybenzamine (irreversible αns, blocker), then remove tumor
• Tx: No β blockers! (unopposed ex stimulation causes rapid ⇧BP)

Front 105

Thymus Tumor:
where is it found most commonly
what disease is the exception?

Back 105

Thymoma (found in all autoimmune diseases except Graves)

Front 106

Thymus Cancer:

Back 106

Adenocarcinoma (rare)

Front 107

THYROID: cell type

Back 107

glandular

Front 108

Thyroid Mass: define and management

Back 108

Thyroglossal cyst (do US, then FNA)

Front 109

thyroid Tumor:

Back 109

Follicular adenoma

Front 110

what are the thyroid cancers:

Back 110

Papillary carcinoma
Follicular carcinoma
Anaplastic carcinoma
Medullary carcinoma

Front 111

Papillary carcinoma

Back 111

psammoma bodies, "orphan Annie eyes", previous neck radiation

Front 112

Follicular carcinoma

Back 112

2nd most common thyroid cancer

Front 113

Anaplastic carcinoma

Back 113

0% survival rate at 5yrs

Front 114

Medullary carcinoma
location
hormone
deposition

Back 114

amyloid deposition (AE?),⇧calcitonin, parafollicular C-cells

Front 115

Thyroid Nodule Management:
• ⇧TSH
• Normal TSH
• ⇩ TSH

Back 115

Thyroid Nodule Management:
• ⇧TSH: check free T4
• Normal TSH: do FNA
• ⇩TSH: do iodine scan (cold ⇨ malignant)

Front 116

parathyroid Tumor:
what is this the most common of?

Back 116

parathyroid Adenoma
(MCC of isolated hypercalcemia in adults)

Front 117

PARATHYROID Cancer:

Back 117

Adenocarcinoma (rare)

Front 118

MEN I

Back 118

"Wermer's": Pancreas (high gastrin), Pituitary, Parathyroid adenoma "PPP"

Front 119

MEN II

Back 119

"Sipple's" MEN IIa:
Pheochromocytoma, Medullary thyroid cancer (high calcitonin), PTH

Front 120

MEN III

Back 120

"MEN lIb": Pheo, Medullary thyroid cancer (high calcitonin), Oral/GI neuromas

Front 121

PARAFOLLICULAR Tumor:

Back 121

Adenoma (rare)

Front 122

PARAFOLLICULAR cancer:

Back 122

Medullary carcinoma of thyroid (high calcitonin)

Front 123

endocardial Tumor:
describe and presentation

Back 123

Atrial myxoma
(female who faints, diastolic plop, ball-like valve)

Front 124

ENDOCARDIUM cancer:

Back 124

Angiosarcoma (rare)

Front 125

MYOCARDIUM Tumor:

Back 125

MYOCARDIUM is made up of skeletal muscle
Tumor: Rhabdomyoma

Front 126

MYOCARDIUM Cancer:
and what age is it most common

Back 126

Rhabdomyosarcoma (age < 3)

Front 127

PERICARDIUM Tumor:

Back 127

Fibroma

Front 128

PERICARDIUM Cancer:

Back 128

Metastasis

Front 129

what are the Lung Cancer Risk Factors?

Back 129

1) Smoking
2) Radon
3) 2nd-hand smoke (sidestream worse)
4) Pneumoconioses (except anthracosis)

Front 130

when would one see changes once they quit smoking? when does the lung regress to normal?

Back 130

5 years changes,
15 yrs regress to normal

Front 131

LUNG: cell type or lung major cell type

Back 131

glandular

Front 132

most common/lung mass in kids

Back 132

Hamartoma

Front 133

(most common) lung mass in adults

Back 133

RL lobe Granuloma

Front 134

lung Tumor:

Back 134

Adenoma

Front 135

lung cancer:

Back 135

Metastasis

Front 136

lung Optimal Pre-op

Back 136

FEV1: >800mL (can estimate with V /Q scan)

Front 137

what are the Central cancers?

Back 137

1) Squamous cell:
• Pancoast tumor
2) Small cell "oat cell"
• ACTH (Cushing's dz), ADH (SIADH), Lambert-Eaton syndrome
• SVC Obstruction

Front 138

what is squamous cell carcinoma? tx?
what is a pancoast tumor and how is it diagnosed?

Back 138

1) Squamous cell: (smoking)=> PTH => ⇧Ca2+, ⇩Pi
(Tx: resect+ chemo)
• Pancoast tumor: apical tumor squishes inferior cervical ganglion => Horner's
• Dx: apical lordotic CXR

Front 139

types of small cell oat cancer

Back 139

2) Small cell "oat cell"
• ACTH (Cushing's dz), ADH (SIADH), Lambert-Eaton syndrome
• SVC Obstruction

Front 140

SVC Obstruction presentation and tx

Back 140

facial edema, dyspnea, JVD
Tx: emergent radiation

Front 141

Small cell "oat cell": location, malignancy and Tx

Back 141

at carina, most malignant
(Tx: Etoposide + Cisplatin)

Front 142

what are the peripheral cancers: (5)

Back 142

Bronchogenic
Bronchoalveolar
Bronchial Carcinoid
Large cell
Adenocarcinoma

Front 143

Bronchogenic

Back 143

asbestos, PTHrp, SVC syndrome, ⇧Ca2+

Front 144

Bronchoalveolar:

Back 144

pneumoconioses (not smoking), looks like pneumonia

Front 145

Bronchial Carcinoid
presentation
symptoms and tx

Back 145

5-HIAA =>flushing, wheezing, diarrhea
• from pancreas/ileum⇨liver (or stays in appendix) "fungating mass"
• only symptomatic in lung/ileum
• Tx: Odansetron, then remove

Front 146

Large cell

Back 146

large stuff, gynecomastia

Front 147

Adenocarcinoma of the lung: who is at risk? how does it look like? where does it metastesize? what marker is increased?

Back 147

non-smokers, looks like pneumonia, mets to brain, ⇧CEA

Front 148

what are the smoking Benefits:

Back 148

⇩Fibroids (⇩estrogen release from ovary)
⇩Brochoalveolar CA or Adenocarcinoma
⇩Ulcerative Colitis flare-ups
⇩Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (⇩Ab response)

Front 149

PLEURAL CAVITY:
Tumor:

Back 149

Mesothelioma

Front 150

PLEURAL CAVITY Cancer:

Back 150

Mesothelioma (Fe coating: 'ferruginous body" ⇨ MP take to pleural cavity)

Front 151

NASOPHARYNX:
Mass: and what needs to be ruled out

Back 151

Mass: Nasal polyp
(rule out Cystic Fibrosis and asa-sensitive Asthma)

Front 152

NASOPHARYNX Tumor:

Back 152

Fibroma

Front 153

NASOPHARYNX cancer:
risk factors

Back 153

Nasopharyngeal cancer (Chinese women, EBV)

Front 154

ORAL CAVITY
Tumor:

Back 154

Fibroma

Front 155

ORAL CAVITY Cancer:

Back 155

Squamous cell carcinoma (inside the mouth)

Front 156

SALIVARY GLAND tumor:
what happend after excision?

Back 156

Pleiomorphic "mixed" adenoma, recurrent after excision

Front 157

SALIVARY GLAND increased risk of tumor in what disease?

Back 157

Sjogren's increases risk

Front 158

SALIVARY GLAND Bilateral Tumor

Back 158

Warthin's

Front 159

SALIVARY GLAND Cancer:

Back 159

Mucoepidermoid adenocarcinoma

Front 160

ESOPHAGUS: muscle type

Back 160

Smooth Muscle

Front 161

esophagus Tumor

Back 161

Leiomyoma

Front 162

esophageal Upper 2/3 Cancer:

Back 162

Squamous cell carcinoma (floor of mouth, tip of tongue, lower lip)

Front 163

esophageal Lower 1/3 Cancer: and common symptom

Back 163

Adenocarcinoma (odynophagia)

Front 164

STOMACH: cell type

Back 164

Smooth muscle

Front 165

STOMACH Tumor:

Back 165

'Leiomyoma

Front 166

STOMACH Cancer:
symptoms, metastasis,biopsy and appearance

Back 166

Adenocarcinoma of the stomach=> early satiety (due to stomach distension)
• Signet ring cells
• Linitis plastica ⇨ leather bottle appearance
• Virchow's nodes ⇨ metastasis to left superclavicular lymph nodes
• Krukenberg tumor ⇨ seeding of ovaries

Front 167

APPENDIX:Tumor:

Back 167

Leiomyoma

Front 168

APPENDIX:Cancer

Back 168

: Carcinoid

Front 169

COLON: Tumor:

Back 169

Leiomyoma

Front 170

COLON Cancer:
xray, presentation and RF

Back 170

Adenocarcinoma
• Apple-core lesion on x-ray
• Pencil-thin stool
• Risk factors: Low fiber/High fat diet, Polyps, Ulcerative Colitis

Front 171

ANUS:Tumor:

Back 171

Fibroma

Front 172

ANUS Cancer: example and Tx

Back 172

Squamous cell CA
(Tx: Chemo-rad)

Front 173

LIVER cell type

Back 173

glandular

Front 174

LIVER
Mass
Tumor
and risk factors

Back 174

Mass: Cyst
tumor: Hepatic Adenoma
Risk Factors: oral contraceptives, injected steroids, AVM

Front 175

liver Cancer:

Back 175

Metastasis

Front 176

1° liver Cancer: and its risk factors
drugs, virus, toxins

Back 176

Hepatocellular Adenocarcinoma
• Risk Factors: Smoking, EtOH, HepB/C/D, Aniline dye, Benzene, Aflatoxin

Front 177

Vinyl Chloride (CC14) Exposure

Back 177

Angiosarcorna of the liver

Front 178

GALL BLADDER: cell type

Back 178

Smooth Muscle

Front 179

GALL BLADDER Tumor:

Back 179

Leiomyoma

Front 180

GALL BLADDER Cancer:
common symptoms

Back 180

Adenocarcinoma (steatorrhea)

Front 181

Gall bladder CA; describe and management

Back 181

thin wall calcified "porcelin" gallbladder w / no stones do⇨ CT

Front 182

Ampulla of Vater CA: lab and symptoms
management

Back 182

⇧Alk phos + hematochezia ⇨ do duodenum endoscopy

Front 183

BILIARY TRACT Mass:

Back 183

Choledochal cyst

Front 184

BILIARY TRACT Tumor:

Back 184

Cholangioma

Front 185

BILIARY TRACT Cancer: name and risk factors

Back 185

Cholangiosarcoma
• Risk Factors: Chronic scarring (1° Biliary Cirrhosis, 1° Sclerosing Cholangitis)

Front 186

PANCREAS: cell type

Back 186

glandular

Front 187

PANCREAS Mass:

Back 187

Cyst

Front 188

PANCREAS Tumor

Back 188

Adenoma

Front 189

PANCREAS Tumor Insulinoma:

Back 189

⇧insulin, ⇧C-peptide

Front 190

PANCREAS Tumor Gastrinoma:
describe ZES
presentation and why?
test

Back 190

"Zollinger-Ellison syndrome"
o Drug-resistant GI ulcers
o ⇧Stomach acid⇨ kills pancreas
o Enzymes ⇨ steatorrhea
o Test: Secretin injection => ⇧gastrin (>1,000pg/mL)

Front 191

Sporadic Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome: describe and prognosis

Back 191

• Small multifocal tumors
• Found in duodenum
• High survival rate (>90%)

Front 192

MEN1-Associated syndromes (5)

Back 192

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Glucagonoma
SSoma
Carcinoid syndrome
VIPoma

Front 193

MEN1-Associated Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome:
describe
location
prognosis
metastasis

Back 193

• large solitary tumor
• Found in pancreas
• Low survival rate (<70%)
• High metastatic potential

Front 194

Glucagonoma

Back 194

⇧glucose, rash (weight loss, diarrhea, necrotizing dermatitis ⇨ mets to liver)

Front 195

SSoma

Back 195

steatorrhea

Front 196

Carcinoid syndrome

Back 196

diarrhea, flushing, wheezing

Front 197

VIPoma

Back 197

watery diarrhea (irritates bowel wall)

Front 198

Adenocarcinoma head of pancreas:
define, presentation, prognosis
RF
Tx

Back 198

define: bile duct obst => painless jaundice
presentation: Acute depression
prognosis: 90% die within 6 mo of diagnosis
Risk factors: Smoking, chronic pancreatitis, DM, old AA males
Tx: whipple surgery = pancreaticoduodenectomy

Front 199

Trousseau's sign: describe
males dx and females dx:

Back 199

migratory thrombophlebitis (clot that moves to other leg ⇨ red streaks)
• Males: pancreatic cancer
• Females: ovarian cancer

Front 200

OVARY: cell type
what marker is used to find out disease progression?

Back 200

glandular
(CA-125 =marker to follow dz progression)

Front 201

Ovary Mass:
symptoms

Back 201

Follicular Cyst
(decreased pain as cycle goes on)

Front 202

ovarian tumor:

Back 202

Serous Cystadenoma
(cyst picked up glandular tissue and fluid)

Front 203

ovarian Cancer:
symptom

Back 203

Serous Cystadenocarcinoma
(widening abdominal girth)

Front 204

Sister Mary Joseph Nodule

Back 204

ovarian CA spread to umbilicus

Front 205

Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma:

Back 205

o Pseudomyxoma peritonei = >bubble bursts
o Krukenberg tumor = mets from stomach

Front 206

Brenner tumor

Back 206

benign "nests" of transitional cells

Front 207

Fibroma

Back 207

Meig's syndrome => pleural effusion, ovarian fibroma, ascites

Front 208

Granulosa-Theca cell tumor:
pathogenesis
monitor of progression

Back 208

⇧estrogen, precocious puberty, monitor progression w/ Inhibin

Front 209

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor:

Back 209

⇧testosterone, masculinization

Front 210

Teratoma

Back 210

o Ectoderm: hair, skin, teeth
o Endoderm: thyroid tissue in ovary = " struma-ovarii"

Front 211

Seminoma
another name
what are increased?

Back 211

= Dysgerminoma: ⇧placenta alk phos, ⇧LDH

Front 212

Choriocarcinoma:

Back 212

⇧ β-HCG

Front 213

Yolk sac cancer

Back 213

Endodermal sinus tumor: ⇧AFP, α1Anti typsin

Front 214

Paraneoplastic syndrome:

Back 214

cerebellum degeneration
>>autoimmune reaction targeted against components of the CNS

Front 215

what are the most Common Gyn Cancers:
most deadliest? curable? and due what factors

Back 215

1) Endometrial CA - due to E2
2) ovarian CA = deadliest
3) Cervical CA = most curable

Front 216

what factors would increase the risk Endometrial CA:

Back 216

• Estrogen
• DM
• HTN

Front 217

where does the Right ovary drain to?
Left ovary?
significance

Back 217

R ovary ⇨ IVC
L ovary ⇨ renal vein ⇨ IVC
ovarian cancer will spread faster from the right ovary than from the left

Front 218

UTERUS: cell type
what is the endometrial lining called?

Back 218

smooth muscle
Note: Endometrium = linning uterus

Front 219

UTERUS: Mass
symptom

Back 219

Uterine polyp
(pass blood clots)

Front 220

UTERUS: Tumor:
symptoms

Back 220

Leiomyoma=>menorrhagia

Front 221

UTERUS Cancer is also called _______
who is at most risk? symptoms and tx

Back 221

Adenocarcinoma
(>40 y/o w/ metrorrhagia, Tx=SERMs)

Front 222

CERVIX:
where does it usually metastises?
how is it diagnosed?
what bug is it associated with?

Back 222

clinical diagnosis
mets to vagina
associated w / HPV

Front 223

CERVIX Mass:

Back 223

Wart

Front 224

CERVIX Tumor:

Back 224

Fibroma

Front 225

CERVIX Cancer is called ___________
symptoms
what do they die of?
tx

Back 225

Squamous cell carcinoma
Sx: post-coital bleeding
MMC: die of pyelonephritis
Tx: Hysterectomy

Front 226

CERVIX Cancer risk factors:

Back 226

HPV
sex at young age
smoking
oral contraceptives

Front 227

CERVIX Cancer vaccine

Back 227

Vaccine "Gardasil": ⇩cervical CA by 70%, ⇩genital warts by 90%

Front 228

VAGINA: lower and upper cell type

Back 228

lower cell type = skeletal muscle
upper vagina = mucosa
a clinical diagnosis

Front 229

VAGINA Mass:

Back 229

Wart

Front 230

VAGINA Tumor:

Back 230

Fibroma

Front 231

vaginal cancer sx

Back 231

bloody discharge

Front 232

Rhabdomyosarcoma
location
how does it spreads?

Back 232

(lower vagina, spreads via femoral nodes)

Front 233

Squamous cell carcinoma
how does it grow?
how does it spreads?

Back 233

growing downwards (upper vagina, spreads via iliac nodes)

Front 234

Sarcoma Botyroides:

Back 234

ball of grapes

Front 235

Clear cell carcinoma
appearance and exposure

Back 235

DES exposure, starts as white ridge
clear cell carcinoma of vagina and cervix

Front 236

VULVA: describe
tumor:
tx:

Back 236

>>puritic
>>bartholin cyst
>>Tx: Ward catheter, Marsupialization if recurrent (sew it open)

Front 237

VULVA Cancer and risk

Back 237

Squamous cell carcinoma
(Risk: Paget's disease of the vulva)

Front 238

VULVA Tumor:

Back 238

Bartholin's cyst

Front 239

Breast CA Risk Factors (7)

Back 239

#1: Having breasts (large)
#2: Female
#3: Age (old)
#4: Unopposed estrogen
#5: Previous breast cancer
#6: Family Hx
#7: Nulliparity

Front 240

Estrogen associated cancer

Back 240

⇧endometrial CA

Front 241

Progesterone and cancer

Back 241

⇩endometrial CA/ ⇩ovary CA

Front 242

Female Cancer Risk IUD

Back 242

⇩endometrial CA

Front 243

Female Cancer Risk tubal Ligation:

Back 243

⇩ovary CA

Front 244

Female Cancer Risk Lesbians

Back 244

⇩cervical CA (HPV 16/18 lives on penis)

Front 245

Female Cancer Risk Smoking:

Back 245

increased cervical CA

Front 246

Female Cancer Risk HIV:

Back 246

Highest risk of cervical CA

Front 247

Female Cancer Risk Tamoxifen:

Back 247

Highest risk of endometrial CA

Front 248

Female Cancer Risk nulliparity:

Back 248

Highest risk of ovary CA

Front 249

KIDNEY: cell type

Back 249

glandular

Front 250

KIDNEY mass:

Back 250

Renal cyst

Front 251

KIDNEY tumor:

Back 251

Adenoma

Front 252

renal Cancer in Kids = Wilm's tumor: presentations (3)

Back 252

abdominal mass ⇨ painless hematuria
• Aniridia ⇨ no iris
• Hemihypertrophy ⇨ 1 leg thinner than the other

Front 253

Renal cell Adenocarcinoma:
who is at risk
symptoms
location
met and associations

Back 253

>>adult cancer
>>hematuria, flank pain, palpable mass
• Usually in upper pole of kidney
• "Cannonball mets" to lungs, 20% risk of contralateral kindey cancer

Front 254

Renal cell carcinoma risk factors:
genetic
toxins
drugs

Back 254

Smoking, VHL, Tuberous sclerosis, Aflatoxin, Analine dye, Cyclophosphamide

Front 255

Tests:
o Epo levels
o Angiogenin
o US
o Ateriogram
o IVP
o US
o Abdominal x-ray
o CT

Back 255

Tests:
o High Epo (polycythemia)
o Angiogenin =>very vascular=> erodes into retroperitoneal fat (check arteriogram)
o US: blood
o Ateriogram: shows where to cut
o IVP: check kidney function
o US: mass
o Abdominal x-ray: dead cells calcify
o CT: metastasis

Front 256

Renal cell carcinoma tx

Back 256

Tx: partial nephrectomy (if in upper pole of kidney only) OR total nephrectomy

Front 257

ADRENAL GLAND Mass

Back 257

Cyst

Front 258

ADRENAL GLAND Tumor:

Back 258

Adenoma

Front 259

ADRENAL GLAND Cancer

Back 259

Adenocarcinoma

Front 260

BLADDER: cell type

Back 260

transitional cell

Front 261

BLADDER Mass is called _________
this can lead to what?

Back 261

Diverticulm (pocket) => infxn or stones

Front 262

bladder tumor:

Back 262

Leiomyoma

Front 263

Transitional cell CA:
sx
Tx
what is used as a new bladder?

Back 263

>>painless hematuria, multiple primaries
>>Tx: Cystectomy+ radiation (cecum can be used to make new bladder)

Front 264

parasite that can cause squamous cell bladder CA

Back 264

Schistosoma Haematobium

Front 265

Transitional cell CA Risk Factors:

Back 265

"CABS"
Smoking, Benzene, Aflatoxin, Cyclophosphamide

Front 266

what is a prostate tumor called?
where does it develop?

Back 266

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
begins in center

Front 267

α1 blockers

Back 267

Terazosin
Doxazosin
Tamsulosin

Front 268

which alpha 1 blocker is a good tx for BPH with HTN and why?

Back 268

Tamsulosin: loosen sphincters

Front 269

5-α reductase inhibitors:

Back 269

o Finasteride
o Dutasteride
o Ketoconazole

Front 270

which 5-α reductase inhibitors can decrease prostate size?

Back 270

Finasteride

Front 271

TURP: transurethral resection of prostate.
what should one worry about?

Back 271

worry about pudendal nerve impotence

Front 272

what is prostate cancer called?
where does prostate cancer begin and lead to?
what are the PSA levels?

Back 272

Adenocarcinoma
begins in periphery of the posterior lobe
⇨ osteoblastic CA
PSA > 10

Front 273

treatment for prostate cancer GnRH analog?

Back 273

Leuprolide

Front 274

what are the DHT receptor inhibitors?

Back 274

Flutamide
Spironolactone

Front 275

which of the DHT receptor inhibitors can cause
medical castration and hepatotoxicity?

Back 275

Flutamide

Front 276

Flutamide

Back 276

medical castration

Front 277

Leuprolide

Back 277

medical menopause

Front 278

Testicular Mass management

Back 278

US (no biopsy) ⇨ Orchiectomy w/ inguinal incision

Front 279

Testicular Mass (newborns):

Back 279

Hydrocele

Front 280

Testicular Mass (children):

Back 280

Hematoma

Front 281

Testicular Mass (older adults):

Back 281

Varicocele

Front 282

Testicular Tumor:

Back 282

Adenoma

Front 283

Testicular Cancer: (1 y/o)

Back 283

Seminoma or Yolk sac cancer (1 y/o)

Front 284

Testicular mass (older adults):

Back 284

Varicocele

Front 285

Testicular tumor is an _______

Back 285

Adenoma

Front 286

name 2 testicular cancers

Back 286

Seminoma or Yolk sac cancer (1 y/o)

Front 287

SKIN: Mass (2) and Tx

Back 287

Skin tags or Hemangiomas
(Tx: observe or steroid injection)

Front 288

SKIN: Tumor:

Back 288

Dematofibroma

Front 289

SKIN: Cancer:

Back 289

Basal cell carcinoma

Front 290

SKIN: Malignancy:

Back 290

Squamous cell carcinoma (ulcerates)

Front 291

what does UV-A cause?

Back 291

UV-A =>Aging

Front 292

what does UV-B cause?

Back 292

UV-B => Burns+ Cancer

Front 293

SPF 15 block how much of UV-B

Back 293

SPF-15: blocks 94% UV-B

Front 294

what are the"ABCD" Skin Cancer:

Back 294

Asymmetry, irregular Borders, variegated Color, 4mm Diameter

Front 295

what are the two classifications for skin cancer?

Back 295

• Clark level
• Breslow's classification

Front 296

what is the Clark level of skin cancer

Back 296

level of invasion in dermis

Front 297

what is the Breslow's classification of skin cancer? what does it determine?

Back 297

tumor thickness (from epidermis down),
determines tx/prognosis

Front 298

which skin cancer metastasises? which one kills?

Back 298

BCC ⇨mets
SCC ⇨ kills

Front 299

Malignant Melanoma is more predominant in males and females in what part of the body?

Back 299

male back
female leg

Front 300

what is the most prognostic of malignant melanoma?

Back 300

most prognostic factor is sentinal LN

Front 301

what are the 5 malignant melanomas?

Back 301

Superficial spreading melanoma
Nodular
Lentigo maligna melanoma
Acral lentigous
Japanese

Front 302

Superficial spreading melanoma
describe

Back 302

most common, flat brown

Front 303

Nodular:
describe
growth
prognosis

Back 303

worst prognosis, black, dome-shape, radial growth

Front 304

Lentigo maligna melanoma
highest risk
growth

Back 304

elderly pts, fair-skin, vertical growth

Front 305

Acral lentigous
location
risk

Back 305

AA, Hispanic, on nail beds

Front 306

Japanese malignant melanoma

Back 306

occurs in skin, eyes, brain

Front 307

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Back 307

flat flaky stuff on lower face
keratin pearls
ulceration

Front 308

Precursor to squamous Cell Carcinoma

Back 308

Actinic keratosis (red scaly plaque)⇦ arsenic poisoning

Front 309

Most common skin cancer in organ recepients

Back 309

squamous Cell Carcinoma

Front 310

types of SCC carcinoma

Back 310

Bowen's disease
verrucous carcinoma

Front 311

Bowen's disease
describe
caused by what bug?

Back 311

SCC in situ on uncircumcised penis dorsum (HPV 16,18)

Front 312

verrucous carcinoma

Back 312

SCC wart on anus

Front 313

Basal Cell Carcinoma
describe
prognosis
MC

Back 313

pearly papules on upper face, most common skin CA, good prognosis

Front 314

what are the 4 types of basal cell carcinoma

Back 314

Nodular
Superficial
Pigmented
Sclerosing

Front 315

Nodular BCC

Back 315

pearly white + telengiectasias

Front 316

Superficial BCC

Back 316

red scaly plaques w/ white border, looks like cigarette paper

Front 317

Pigmented BCC

Back 317

brown w/ white border

Front 318

Sclerosing BCC

Back 318

yellow waxy plaques

Front 319

Cancer-Associated Rashes:
Acanthosis nigricans:

Back 319

dark leathery neck/axilla=> Lung or GI CA, DM, obesity

Front 320

Cancer-Associated Rashes: Amyloidosis
presentation
stains
2 types (describe each)

Back 320

non-specific red rash, protein deposition => big kidneys and liver
• Stains Congo red, Apple-green birefringence (due to β -sheets)
2 types
1°: Congenital (AD)
2°: Acquired - any chronic inflammatory disease: CA, endocarditis

Front 321

Cancer-Associated Rashes: Heliotropic rash:

Back 321

purple eyelid and knuckles "Gottron's sign"=> Dermatomyositis

Front 322

Cancer-Associated Rashes: Kaposi's sarcoma: describe and pathogen

Back 322

red-purple plaques (HHV-8)

Front 323

Cancer-Associated Rashes: Paget's disease:

Back 323

ulcer or rash around nipple=> Breast CA

Front 324

types of amyloidosis

Back 324

1°: Congenital (AD)
2°: Acquired - any chronic inflammatory disease: CA,

Front 325

presentation of Epidural Spinal Cord Compression
tx and management

Back 325

back pain radiating to front
• Tx: immediate Dexamethasone ⇨ MRI spine

Front 326

1°: Multiple myeloma
lesions, age, bones , Ig, protein

Back 326

multiple lesions,
>50 y/o,
flat bones and spine,
IgG, μ light chain

Front 327

Bone Metastasis in male and females where does it originate from?

Back 327

Female: from breast
Male: from lung

Front 328

Epiphysis (cartilage): cell type

Back 328

chondroblasts

Front 329

Epiphysis (cartilage)Tumor

Back 329

Chondroma

Front 330

Epiphysis Cancer: Chrondrosarcoma:

Back 330

cartilage tumor that destroys bone

Front 331

Epiphysis Cancer Giant cell tumor

Back 331

moth-eaten area, "soap bubble" x-ray

Front 332

Metaphysis (bone): cell type

Back 332

osteoblasts

Front 333

Metaphysis (bone) Tumor:

Back 333

Osteoma

Front 334

Metaphysis (bone) 1° Cancer: Osteosarcoma

Back 334

(Codman's triangle, "sunburst" x-ray- cancer explodes out of bone)

Front 335

Diaphysis (bone): cell type

Back 335

osteocytes

Front 336

Diaphysis (bone) Tumor:

Back 336

Osteoma

Front 337

Diaphysis (bone) Cancer:

Back 337

Metastasis

Front 338

what are the three 1° Cancer and common presentation?

Back 338

>>painful at night
• Ewing's osteosarcoma
• Plasmacytoma
• Multiple myeloma

Front 339

Ewing's osteosarcoma:
tranloction
describe

Back 339

t(11,22): onion skinning, round blue cells, pseudorosettes

Front 340

Plasmacytoma:

Back 340

1 lytic lesion

Front 341

Multiple myeloma
lesions
Ig/chain
peripheral smear

Back 341

multiple lytic lesions, IgG, Kappa chain, Roleaux

Front 342

BREAST: cell type, type of bone lesions and gene

Back 342

glandular
lytic and blastic bone lesions
BRCA-1,2

Front 343

what is the most important prognostic factor of breast cancer?

Back 343

Histologic grade

Front 344

breast Soft Mass: Dx and Tx

Back 344

Cyst (Tx: US, FNA)

Front 345

breast Firm Mass: Dx and Tx

Back 345

Microcalcification
(Tx: Surgery, follow with chemo or radiation if post-menopausal)

Front 346

Tumor <25 y/o:
Dx:
describe (3)
when is it painful

Back 346

Fibroadenoma,
E2-dependant, painless, mobile
(pain: 1st two weeks of cycle)

Front 347

Tumor >25 y/o
Dx
hormone dependant
when is it painful?

Back 347

Fibrocystic change, Progesterone-dependant
(pain: 2wk before menses)

Front 348

Intraductal papilloma breast cancer

Back 348

nipple bleeding

Front 349

Intraductal adenocarcinoma breast cancer

Back 349

dimple, only one with osteoblastic metastasis

Front 350

Lobular carcinoma breast cancer
describe and LCIS Tx:

Back 350

cells line up single file, contralateral, primary
>>>LCIS Tx: tamoxifen/Observe

Front 351

Ductal carcinoma
prognosis
biopsy
invasivenes
DCIS tx

Back 351

worst prognosis, linear calcifications, 50% become invasive
>>> DCIS Tx: Lumpectomy /LND (low dose naltrexone) /Radiation

Front 352

Inflammatory carcinoma

Back 352

inflltrates lymphatics, "peau d'orange", the most malignant

Front 353

Comedocarcinoma

Back 353

multiple focal areas of necrosis, "blackheads"

Front 354

Cystosarcoma phylloides

Back 354

"exploding mushroom", rubbery, moveable, sarcoma

Front 355

Paget's disease of the breast

Back 355

rash and ulcer around nipple

Front 356

Osteoblastic CA

Back 356

Intraductal Breast CA
Prostate CA

Front 357

Female Preventative Medicine:
Breast Exam: 13 y/o

Back 357

annually(+ self exam at end of each menses)

Front 358

Female Preventative Medicine: 40 y/o

Back 358

Mammogram: annually

Front 359

Female Preventative Medicine: Pap Smear: management

Back 359

21 y/o (or 3 years after sexually active) ⇨ annually until 65 y/o (or 60 if all neg Paps)
Repeat every 3-5yrs after three negative results (unless CIN/DES/HIV)

Front 360

Low-grade findings:Infection/ CIN I/ ASCUS: management, tests and tx.

Back 360

(repeat Pap in 6mo)
1) Tests: Syphilis RPR/HepB/HIV /GC culture
2) Tx for GC

Front 361

High grade findings: CIN II/III management

Back 361

(repeat Pap in 3mo)
1) Colposcopy
2) LEEP
3) Cone biopsy
4) Hysterectomy
5) Radiation

Front 362

Colposcopy:
describe
management on a pregnant woman

Back 362

acetic acid turns dysplasia white (if pregnant, just repeat q trimester)

Front 363

LEEP
describe
complications

Back 363

electrocautery excision of tissue (can lead to cervical stenosis)

Front 364

Cone biopsy
what is it?
contraindications
complications

Back 364

laser excision
not if inflamm/ pregnant
can lead to incompetent cervix

Front 365

Hysterectomy
indications
management

Back 365

if invades cervix (removes cervix; no more Paps, only q yr pelvic exams)

Front 366

Radiation
when is it done for cervical cancer

Back 366

(high grade cancer)
if invades beyond cervix

Front 367

name the SERMs:
Selective Estrogen Response Modulators
what is it a treatment for?

Back 367

=> Hot flashes, vaginal dryness
Tamoxifen:
Raloxifene:

Front 368

Tamoxifen advantage and disadvantages

Back 368

• Good: Anti-E2 at breast
• Bad: Pro-E2 at endometrium (cancer)

Front 369

Raloxifene: advantages and disadvantages

Back 369

• Good: Anti-E2 at breast, Pro-E2 at bone (protects)
• Bad: Pro-E2 at liver (DVT)

Front 370

what are the aromatase Inhibitors? SE

Back 370

>>myalgias, arthralgias
• Anastrozole
• Letrozole
• Exemestane

Front 371

what does aromatase enzyme do?

Back 371

(Androgens ⇨(aromatase) ⇨Estrogens)

Front 372

which of the following aromatase inhibitors are irreversible?

Back 372

Exemestane

Front 373

Her2 (+) Tx

Back 373

Herceptin "Trastuzumab"

Front 374

Chemo Exceptions:

Back 374

• Post-menopause without invasion
• Lymph node negative
• ER+/PR+
• <1cm size

Front 375

Tamoxifen Exceptions:

Back 375

• Pre-menopause
• ER (-)/ PR (-) Cancer

Front 376

what are Cancer Antigens? and what are they used for?

Back 376

(non-specific and non-sensitive): use to follow progression of CA

Front 377

Ovarian Cancer Antigen

Back 377

CA-125

Front 378

Cancer Antigen Pancreatic

Back 378

Cancer Antigen CA-19:

Front 379

Cancer Antigen Melanoma

Back 379

Cancer Antigen S-100:

Front 380

Cancer Antigen Breast

Back 380

Cancer Antigen BRCA

Front 381

Cancer Antigen PSA

Back 381

Cancer Antigens Prostate

Front 382

Cancer Antigen CEA

Back 382

Cancer Antigens Colon, Pancreatic

Front 383

Cancer Antigen AFP

Back 383

Cancer Antigen: Liver, Yolk sac

Front 384

Cancer Antigen Rb

Back 384

Cancer Antigen Ewing's sarcoma, Retinoblastoma

Front 385

Cancer Antigen: Medullary thyroid cancer

Back 385

Cancer Antigen Ret:

Front 386

cancer antigen Ras

Back 386

Colon

Front 387

cancer antigen bcl-2

Back 387

Follicular lymphoma

Front 388

cancer antigen c-myc

Back 388

Burkitt's lymphoma

Front 389

cancer antigen L-myc:

Back 389

Small cell lung carcinoma "L for lung"

Front 390

cancer antigen N -myc

Back 390

Neuroblastoma => pseudorosettes "N for neuro"

Front 391

cancer antigen Bombesin

Back 391

Neuroblastoma

Front 392

cancer antigen beta HCG:

Back 392

Choriocarcinoma

Front 393

cancer antigen 5-HIAA

Back 393

Carcinoid syndrome

Front 394

cancer antigen p53:

Back 394

The Guardian of the Genome=> stops cell cycle, starts apoptosis

Front 395

cancer antigen Ki-67:

Back 395

Neoplasm growth rate

Front 396

Chromosome 3 Abnormality:

Back 396

von Hippel Lindau

Front 397

Chromosome Abnormalities #4:

Back 397

Huntington's "hunt = 4 letters"

Front 398

Chromosome Abnormalities #5:

Back 398

Cri-du-chat (cat-like cry), HNPCC "HNPCC = 5 letters"

Front 399

Chromosome Abnormalities #7:

Back 399

Cystic Fibrosis

Front 400

Chromosome 11 Abnormalitie (s):

Back 400

beta thalassemia and Wilm's
"Will, the 11y/o boy w/ an abdominal mass"

Front 401

Chromosome Abnormalities # 13

Back 401

Rb

Front 402

Chromosome Abnormalities #15:

Back 402

Prader Willi
"Willi, the 15 y/ o hungry boy"

Front 403

Chromosome Abnormalities # 16:

Back 403

α-thalassemia, APKD

Front 404

Chromosome Abnormalities #17 (3)

Back 404

NF I, p53, BRCA

Front 405

Chromosome Abnormalities #19:

Back 405

Myotonic Dystrophy

Front 406

chromosomal abnormality#22:

Back 406

NF II, DiGeorge

Front 407

signs of malignant Lymph Nodes:

Back 407

#1: Supraclavicular
#2: Epitrochlear- above elbow
#3: Inguinal

Front 408

Multiple Genes Dz: RA

Back 408

DR4,5

Front 409

Multiple Genes Dz: SLE

Back 409

DR2,3:

Front 410

Multiple Genes Dz:DM

Back 410

DR3,4:

Front 411

t(9,22)
gene

Back 411

CML (bcr-abl gene)

Front 412

t(14, 18)
gene

Back 412

Follicular lymphoma (bcl-2 gene)

Front 413

t(8,14)

Back 413

Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc gene)

Front 414

t(15,17)

Back 414

AML M3

Front 415

t(11,14)

Back 415

Mantle cell lymphoma

Front 416

t(11,22)

Back 416

Ewing's sarcoma

Front 417

HLA Types:A3, A6:

Back 417

Hemochromatosis

Front 418

HLA Types B5

Back 418

Behcet's

Front 419

HLA Types B13:

Back 419

Psoriasis

Front 420

HLA Types B27

Back 420

Psoriasis w / arthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's

Front 421

HLA type DR2

Back 421

Goodpasture's, MS

Front 422

HLA type DR3:

Back 422

Celiac sprue

Front 423

HLA DR4

Back 423

Pemphigus vulgaris

Front 424

HLA DR5

Back 424

Pernicious anemia