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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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which part of the nephron concentrates urine
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medulla
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goldblatt's kidney
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flea-bitten kidney (blown capillaries)
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uremia
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azotemia + symptoms
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azotemia
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increase BUN/Cr
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nephritic kidney disease
describe what does this lead to? |
increase size of fenestrations => vasculits
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nephrotic kidney disease
describe what does this lead to? |
lost BM charge due to deposition on heparin sulfate => massive proteinuria and lipiduria
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what is seen in RPGN (rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis)
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crescents
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post-strep GN
what is deposited? (3) where is it deposited? |
subepithelial, IgG/C3/C4
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intestitial nephritis
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urine eosinophils
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lupus nephritis: location of deposit
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subepithelial
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MGN (membranoglomerulonephritis)
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deposition
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MPGN (membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis)
apperance on biopsy unique levels |
tram-tracks (type II has low C3)
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MCD (minimal change disease)
most common in what patients electron microscope complications what is this due to? |
kids, fused foot processes, no renal failure, loss of charge barrier
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FSGS (focal segmental glomerulonephritis)
who is at most risk |
AA, HIV patients
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what are the vasculitis w/ low C3?
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"PMS in Salt lake City"
post-strep GN MPGN type II Serum Sickness Lupus Cryoglobulinemia |
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most common cause of kidney stones?
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dehydration
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most common type of kidney stones?
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calcium oxalate
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kidney stone: coffin-lid
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triple phosphate
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kidney stone: rosette
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uric acid
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kidney stone: hexagonal crystals
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cystine
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what type of kidney stones have enveloped or dumbell shaped crystals
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oxalate
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what disease has aniridia?
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wilm's tumor
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what disease has iridiocyclitis?
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juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
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phimosis
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foreskin scarred at penis head (foreskin stuck smooshed up)
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paraphimosis
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foreskin scarred at penis base (retraction of foreskin) => strangulates penis
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urge incontinence
describe what is this due to? |
urgency leads to complete voiding (detrusor spasticity => small bladder volume)
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stress incontinence
what is this due to? |
weak pelvic floor muscles (estrogen effect)
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overflow incontinence
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runs down leg but cannot complete emptying the bladder
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what structures have one way valves?
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urethra, ejaculatory duct
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what structures have fake sphicters?
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ureters, LES, Ileocecal valve
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what has WBC cast?
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nephritis
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what has WBC casts only?
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pyelonephritis
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what has WBC casts only + eosinophils?
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interstitial nephritis (allergies)
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what has WBC casts + RBC cast?
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glomerulonephritis
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what has fat cast?
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nephrotic syndrome
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waxy cast
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chronic renal failure
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tubular casts
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ATN
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muddy brown casts
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ATN
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hyaline casts
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normal sloughing
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epithelial casts
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normal sloughing
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crescents
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RPGN
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how do you measure afferent renal function?
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creatinine (or inulin)
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how do you measure efferent renal function?
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BUN/PAH
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what is the function of afferent arteriole?
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filter
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what is the function of efferent arteriole?
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secrete
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how do you test for afferent arteriole function?
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GFR
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how do you test for efferent arteriole function?
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RPF
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pre-renal failure
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low flow to kidney (BUN:Cr >20)
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post-renal failure
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obstruction (have not peed in last 4 days)
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function of proximal tubule
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reabsorb glucose, aa, salt, bicarb
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function of thin ascending limb
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reabsorbs water
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function of thick ascending limb
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make the concetration gradient by reabsorbing Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca without water
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function of early distal tuble
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concentrate urine by reabsorbing NaCL (hypotonic)
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function of late distal tubule
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final concentration of urine by reabsorbing water, excretion of acid (isotonic)
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function of macula densa
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measures osmolarity
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function of J-G apparatus
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measures volume
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fanconi's syndrome
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old tetracycline use => urine phosphates, glucose, amino acids
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bartter's syndrome
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baby with defective triple transporter ( low Na, Cl, K, with normal BP)
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psychogenic polydipsia
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no concentrating ability => cerebral edema
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hepatorenal syndrome
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high urea from liver => increase glutaminase =>NH4+ =>GABA => kidney stops working
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what is Type 1 RTA?
pH of urine associated with what syndromes |
distal renal tubular acidosis: H/K in CD is broken => high urine pH (UTI, stones, Li)
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what is Type 2 RTA?
pH of urine associated with what syndromes |
proximal RTA: bad CA => lost all bicarb => low urine pH (multiple myeloma and vit D deficiency)
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what is Type 3 RTA?
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RTA I + RTA II => normal urine pH (5-6)
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what is Type 4 RTA?
what levels are high associated syndromes |
Infarct J-G => no renin => no aldo => high K (DM, NSAIDs, ACE-I, Heparin)
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central pontine myelinolysis
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due to correcting Na faster than 0.5mEQ/hr
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