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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what electolytes does the low volume state have?
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⇧total Na+, ⇩serum Na+ (dilutional effect), K+ and Cl-
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what pH does the low volume state have
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alkalosis (except for diarrhea, RTA Type II, and DKA) because aldosterone leads to the secretion of H+/K+
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what pH do vomiters have?
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alkalotic because they vomit out H+
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what pH does diarrhea have?
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acidotic because stool has bicarbonate.
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what happed if pulse⇧>10 on standing?
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hypovolemic shock
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what happens if the pulse ⇩<5 on standing?
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autonomic dysfunction
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what are the symptoms of Low Energy State (LES) in the CNS?
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altered state of consciousness, dementia, mental retardation.
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what are the symptoms of Low Energy State (LES) in the cardiovascular?
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pericardial effusion, heart failure
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what are the symptoms of Low Energy State (LES) in the muscle? (ie. lung, skeletal, vascular, GI, GU)
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weakness, shortness of breath, vasodilation, impotence, urinary retention, constipation
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what are the symptoms of Low Energy State (LES) in the rapidly dividing cells ie. skin cuticles and hair?
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skin: dry
cuticle: brittle hair: alopecia |
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what are the symptoms of Low Energy State (LES) rapidly dividing cells such as bone marrow, vascular endothelium, lungs?
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bone marrow: suppressed
vascular endothelium: break down lungs: infections and shortness of breath |
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Energy State (LES) rapidly dividing cells such as kidney, GI, bladder, sperm?
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kidney: PCT will feel it first
GI: N/V/diarrhea bladder: oliguria sperm: decreased |
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Energy State (LES) rapidly dividing cells such as germ cell, breast and endometrium?
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germ cell: predispose to cancer which is skin-->GI--> bone marrow
breast: atrophic endometrium: amenorreah |
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what is the most common sign of LES?
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dyspnea and tachypnea
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what is the common symptom of LES?
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weakness and shortness of breath
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what is the most common cause of death in LES?
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heart failure
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Explain all restrictive lung diseases: problem, VC (vital capacity), describe the lungs.
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Restrictive: interstitial problem (non-bacterial)
⇩ vital capcity (small stiff lungs) |
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what would you see on an x-ray or a person with restrictive lung disease?
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reticulo nodular pattern. ground glass appearance
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Explain all restrictive lung diseases: FEV/FVC
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Restrictive: interstitial problem (non-bacterial)
⇩ FEV/FVC. >.08 => trouble breathing in. |
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Explain all restrictive lung diseases: ABG's: pO2, RR, pCO2, pH
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Restrictive: interstitial problem (non-bacterial)
⇩pO2, => ⇧RR,⇩pCO2, ⇧pH |
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what is the most common cause of death in restrictive diseases?
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cor pulmonale
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what is the treatment for restrictive disease
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pressure support on ventilator, ⇑RR, ⇑O2 and ⇑inspiratory time.
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Explain all obstructive lung diseases: RV and reid index and airway thickness and airway lumen
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Increase in RV and reid index = increase airway thickness and airway lumen
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Explain all obstructive lung diseases: ABG (pCO2 => RR, pH)
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⇑pCO2 => ⇑ RR,⇓ pH
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Explain all obstructive lung diseases: FEV/FVC
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trouble breathing out = decreased FEV/FVC (<0.8)
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most common cause of death in obstructive lung diseases? give an example
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bronchiectasis ie COPD
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Treatment for obstructive lung disease?
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manipulate rate on ventilator, ⇑RR, ⇑pO2 (if needed), ⇑expiratory time
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what is an obstructive lung disease?
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airway problem (bacterial)
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what symptoms are more likely to depolarize state in the brain?
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seizures, jitteriness, psychosis
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what symptoms are more likely to depolarize state in the skeletal muscle?
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tetany, muscle spasms
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what symptoms are "more likely to depolarize state" in the smooth muscle?
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diarreah then constipation
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what symptoms are more likely to depolarize state in the cardiac?
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arrythmia, tachycardia
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what symptoms are "less likely to depolarize" state in the cardiac?
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bradycardia, hypotension
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what symptoms are "less likely to depolarize" state in the brain?
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lethargy, mental status change, depression
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what symptoms are "less likely to depolarize" state in the smooth muscle?
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constipation then diarreah
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what symptoms are "less likely to depolarize" state in the skeletal muscle?
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weakness and SOB
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what is the humoral response?
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B-cells and PMN's looking for bacteria in the blood
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what is the cell mediated reponse?
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T-cells and macrophage looking for a non-bacteria
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what are the macrophages in the bood called?
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monocytes
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what are the macrophages in the brain called?
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microglia
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what are macrophage called in the lung?
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type I pneumocytes
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what are macrophage called in the liver?
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kupffer cells
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what are macrophage called in the spleen?
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RES
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what are macrophage called in the lymph?
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dendritic cells
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what are macrophage called in the kidney?
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mesangial cells
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what are macrophage called in the payer's patch?
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M cells
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what are macrophage called in the skin?
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langerhan cells
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what are macrophage called in the bone?
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histiocytes, giant cells and epitheliod cells
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what is the CBC for every vasculitis?
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⇧WBC, ,⇧T cells and ⇧macrophages,⇧ESR, +schistiocytes,⇩platelets,⇩RBC
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Inflammatory response: <24 hours/ 1hr
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swelling
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Inflammatory response: Day 1
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PMN's show up
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Inflammatory response: Day 3
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PMN's peak
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Inflammatory response: Day 4
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Macrophage and T-cells show up
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Inflammatory response: Day 7
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Macrophage and T-cells peak, fibroblast arrive
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Inflammatory response: Day 30
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fibroblast peak
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Inflammatory response: Months 3-6
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fibroblast leave
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what state does estrogen mimic?
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neuromuscular disease state (estrogen is a muscle relaxant)
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what does high GABA levels lead to in the heart, muscle, GI, GU, brain?
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bradycardia, lethargy, constipation, impotence, and memory loss
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