P&p Workbook 1

Front 1

What does homeostasis refer to?

Back 1

The relative constancy of the environment within the body (Clancy and McVicars 2011)

Front 2

Outline the division of labour

Back 2

molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Front 3

What is a cell?

Back 3

The basic unit of living matter; the building block with which the body is constructed.

Front 4

What is tissue?

Back 4

A collection of similar cells grouped together to perform specialised functions.

Front 5

What is an organ

Back 5

A structural grouping of tissues that perform a specific function or functions.

Front 6

What is a system (organ)?

Back 6

A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular task.

Front 7

What impact do human leukocyte antigens have on tissue typing?

Back 7

Due to the fact that there are many variations, it reduces the likelihood of finding a compatible match in organ donation.

Front 8

What are glial cells?

Back 8

Supporting cells of the nervous system, non conducting, in close physical contact with neurones, provide physical support, electrical insulation and metabolic exchange with the vascular system. Important for combating memory issues or the development of disorders such as schizophrenia.

Front 9

What are the 4 main types of tissue?

Back 9

Epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle.

Front 10

Which two types of tissue are the most diverse?

Back 10

Epithelial and connective.

Front 11

Describe epithelial tissue (5)

Back 11

One of the simplest tissues

Forms a lining on the outer and inner surfaces of organs

grow and divide rapidly

Usually lacks a blood supply, but nutrients and O2 diffuse from underlying tissues

basement membrane separates epithelial cells and underlying tissue (chemical).

Front 12

Name the types of epithelial cells

Back 12

Can be squamous, cuboidal or columnar whilst being simple or stratified. In the case of columnar, can also be pseudostratified.

Front 13

Which tissue is the most abundant in the body?

Back 13

Connective

Front 14

Describe connective tissue

Back 14

strong, consists of a matrix where a variety of cells and fibres are embedded, (can be liquid, solid or gel). The composition of this matrix determine the characteristics and function.

Front 15

What do fibres in the matrix of the connective tissue usually comprise of?

Back 15

Collagen or elastin

Front 16

What are the characteristics of collagen?

Back 16

protein whose structure provides strength and flexibility.

Front 17

What are the characteristics of elastin?

Back 17

A protein that allows for distortion and restoration of a structures original shape.

Front 18

Name an example of elastin.

Back 18

The walls of blood vessels: expand and recoil as blood passes through.

Front 19

What is the function of connective tissue? 3

Back 19

controlling the movement of substances from blood to cells.

Movement and migration of cells during embryological development.

Wound healing.

Front 20

What are the three major cells found in the connective tissue?

Back 20

fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells.

Front 21

What is a fibroblast?

Back 21

secrete extracellular fibres (e.g. collagen and elastin).

Front 22

What are macrophages?

Back 22

these engulf or phagocytose pathogens, ageing cells, damaged cells and cancer cells.

Front 23

What are mast cells?

Back 23

secret histamine in an inflammatory response

secrete heparin for blood clotting.

Front 24

What does nervous tissue consist of?

Back 24

Nerve cells and associated supporting cells (e.g.glial cells).

Front 25

Describe nervous tissue

Back 25

Made up of neurons that are specialised to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses.

Front 26

Name the three types of muscle cell

Back 26

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac

Front 27

what is the role of the cardiovascular system?

Back 27

transport of oxygen and nutrients around the body, as well as the transport of carbon dioxide and waste products for removal.

Front 28

What are the three main components of the cv system?

Back 28

heart, blood vessels and blood.

Front 29

Describe the endocardium

Back 29

the innermost portion is comprised of epithelial cells that determine the health of blood vessels and play a large role in cv disease.

Front 30

Describe the myocardium.

Back 30

the muscular tissue of the heart, it is made up of striated, nucleated and branched muscle cells. these muscle cells allow the heart to work as a syncytium: a single functional organ.

Front 31

What is the pericardium?

Back 31

A fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart and proximal ends of the major vessels. the pericardial fluid within the two layers reduces friction between the two membranes.

Front 32

What are the major blood vessels associated with the cv system?

Back 32

inferior and anterior vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery and aorta.

Front 33

Name the four valves of the heart

Back 33

Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral and aortic.

Front 34

Outline the cv pathway.

Back 34

deoxygenated blood enters the RA through the vena cava, atria contract, deoxy blood enters RV through tricuspid valve. ventricles contract. deoxy blood goes to lungs for oxidation via the pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery. Oxy blood returns to LA. atria contract. Oxy blood enters LV via mitral valve. Ventricles contract. blood goes to rest of body via aortic valve and aorta.

Front 35

Describe artery.

Back 35

Small lumen, thick wall, high pressure, away from heart, no valves present.

Front 36

Describe vein.

Back 36

Large lumen, thin walls, low pressure, towards heart, valves present.

Front 37

Describe capillaries.

Back 37

Small lumen, thin walls, low pressure, towards the tissues, no valves.

Front 38

What are the roles of proteins in the cell membrane?

Back 38

protein pumps and carrier proteins transport substances in and out of the cell. cell adhesion molecules control cell movement and migration. Also act as receptors, whilst others act as cell markers.

Front 39

What is the role of a glycoprotein?

Back 39

Cell identity and immunity.

Front 40

What is the role of the cell membrane?

Back 40

Encloses cell contents, barrier, controls the movement of molecules in and out of the cell, separation of subcellular compartments, communication, cellular identity, chemical reactions and cell movement.

Front 41

Describe the fluid mosaic model.

Back 41

a lipid bilayer with protein molecules dispersed within it.

Front 42

What is diffusion?

Back 42

A passive movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration.

Front 43

Osmosis.

Back 43

Flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane from high water concentration to low water concentration. Small molecules dissolved in water can also cross the membrane during osmosis.

Front 44

Carrier mediated transport/facilitated diffusion.

Back 44

Carrier proteins may bind with and help with the diffusion of some kinds of particles across the cell membrane.

Front 45

Active transport.

Back 45

Energy is needed and used particles across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient.

Front 46

endocytosis

Back 46

processes that bring substances into the cell. includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

Front 47

Phagocytosis

Back 47

phagocyte encounters bacterium which binds to cell membrane, phagocyte uses cytoskeleton to engulf the bacterium, leaving it in large vesicle called the phagosome. The phagosome separates from the cell membrane moving into the cytoplasm, fusing with lysosomes with digestive enzymes that kill and digest the bacterium.

Front 48

pinocytosis

Back 48

cell drinking!

Front 49

Exocytosis

Back 49

the expelsion/secretion of substances from the cell via secretory vesicles.

Front 50

What are hormones?

Back 50

Chemical messengers that control how we respond to changes in the external environment.

Front 51

What to hormones aim to help control?

Back 51

growth and development, sleep, sexual function, reproduction, metabolism, fluid and electrolyte balance, emotions and mood.

Front 52

steroid hormones

Back 52

derived from cholesterol and are lipid soluble. diffuse passively into a cell, binding with receptor molecule, binds to DNA, impacting genomic expression

Front 53

protein hormones

Back 53

comprised from strings of amino acids. short chain = peptide hormone. Some hormones, e.g. thyroxine = single modified amino acids aka amine hormones. bind to receptors embedded in the cell membrane, activates secondary messenger in cell, activates protein kinases and other enzymes, affects various processes inside target cell.

Front 54

Hormone synthesis control

Back 54

Regulated via positive and negative feedback mechanisms, mostly negative.

Front 55

Posterior pituitary gland stores hormones for which parts of the body?

Back 55

the kidney (ADH and vasopressin), the breast (oxytocin) and the uterus

Front 56

transport of hormones in the blood.

Back 56

steroid need a carrier molecule whereas protein hormones are water soluble so do not.