Pow: Pragmatics

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Euphemism

Back 1

A word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or is used to avoid reference to certain acts or subjects.

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Dysphemism

Back 2

Roughly the opposites of euphemism, meaning the usage or intentionally hard words or phrases (to be offensive or humorously deprecating)

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Slang

Back 3

Words or expressions used in informal settings.

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Jargon

Back 4

Vocabulary words that are usually only used in specific vocations.

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Argot

Back 5

Vocabulary of socially stigmatized groups (drug users lingo for example)

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Taboo

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Socially prohibited vocabulary ("shit" is inappropriate to say in some settings)

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Pragmatics

Back 7

The study of language as it is used in a social context and affects the interlocutors and their behavior

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Paralanguage

Back 8

Means of communication other than language

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Proxemics

Back 9

The study of the cultural, behavioral, and sociological aspects of spatial distances between individuals.

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Entailment

Back 10

The relationship between two sentences such that the truth of one implies the truth of the other (X entails Y= If X is true, Y must be true)

Front 11

An example of entailment.

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X: Oswald assassinated Kennedy.
Y: Kennedy is dead.

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Implicature

Back 12

Anything that is inferred from an utterance but that is not a condition for the truth of it (X implicates Y= If X is true, Y can be drawn from the fact X)

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An example of implicature.

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X: Some of the boys were at the party.
Y: Not all of the boys were at the party.

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Pidgin

Back 14

Simplified form of a natural language that is used for communication between groups speaking different languages.

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Creole

Back 15

A nativized pidgin- a language that developed from contact between speakers of different languages and that serves as the primary means of communication for a particular group of speakers.

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Superstratum

Back 16

Dominant languages, e.g. colonial languages- the target language in a language contact situation; the language associated with the politically and economically dominant group.

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Substratum

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Languages influenced by dominant languages- in a contact situation, the native language of speakers of a politically and economically non-dominant group.

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Lingua franca

Back 18

A language common to speakers of diverse languages that can be used for communication and commerce.

Front 19

An example of a Lingua franca.

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English is spoken by international airline pilots.

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Langue isolee

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A language with no genetic relationship with other living languages.

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Four examples of langue isolee.

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1. Basque
2. Ainu
3. Korean
4. Japanese

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Homonym

Back 22

One of a group of words that share the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings (in other words, are both homographs and homophones),

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Homophone

Back 23

One of two or more distinct words or morphemes with the same pronunciation but different meanings.

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Homograph

Back 24

Two words are homographs if they are spelled the same way but differ in meaning

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Example of a Homonym

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Bear (the plaintiff bears the burden of proof)- bear (the big brown bear)

Front 26

Example of a homophone.

Back 26

right-write

Front 27

Example of a homograph.

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tear(n.)- tear (v. to pull apart)

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Synonym

Back 28

A word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another word or other words in a language.

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Antonym

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A word having a meaning opposite to that of another word.

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Acronym

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A word formed from the initial letters of a phrase- it also forms a pronounceable word.

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Hyponym

Back 31

A more specific term: a word whose denotation is always included in the set of things denoted by some hypernym

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Eponym

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A person whose name is or is thought to be the source of the name of something.

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Toponym

Back 33

A name derived from a place or region.

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Pseudonym

Back 34

A fictitious name assumed by an author; a pen name.

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Anonym

Back 35

An anonymous person; no name.

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Example of an acronym

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Laser, NASA

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Example of an antonym

Back 37

wet-dry

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Example of a synonym

Back 38

Couch- sofa

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Example of a hyponym

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dog- greyhound

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Example of an eponym

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Washington D.C.

Front 41

Example of a dysphemism

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slut, tramp, prick, etc.

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Example of a euphemism

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playboy, ladykiller, genitals, etc.

Front 43

Three examples of artificial or invented languages.

Back 43

1. Pig Latin
2. Experanto
3. Klingon

Front 44

Four conversational maxims.

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1. quality (truth)
2. quantity (information)
3. relation (relevance)
4. manner (clarity)

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Two rules for maxim of quality.

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1. Do not say what you believe to be false.
2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.

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Two rules for maxim of quantity.

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1. Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange.
2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.

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Rule of maxim of relation.

Back 47

Be relevant

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Four rules of maxim of manner.

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1. Avoid obscurity of expression.
2. Avoid ambiguity.
3. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixility)
4. Be orderly.

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What happens as the formality of style grows?

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Speakers use more prestige variants and use fewer stigmatized variables.

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Matched guise technique

Back 50

Sociolinguistic investigative technique used to determine how people base ideas about other people on language.