Poultry Navle Review

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Commercial broiler breeders are typically housed in the breeder house at a ratio of

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10 Hens to 1 cockrel

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Young turkeys are called?

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Poults

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Cell mediated immunity is centred in the?

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Thymus

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Humoral immunity is centred in the?

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Bursa of Fabricius

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Broiler breeder flocks are routinely vaccinated with both live and inactivated vaccines because...?

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the live vaccine acts to “prime” to the birds to stimulate an anamnestic response to subsequent vaccination with an inactivated vaccine.

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Who sets the regulations for chicken vaccines?

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USDA

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Avian Influenza. What is it also known as and what type of virus is it?

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Aka 'Fowl Plague'
and is an Orthomyxovirus type A
Potential Zoonotic dz. Notifiable.
HP forms are H5 or H7

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Major CSx of Avian Influenza

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- sudden death
- egg drop
- coughing
- nasal/ocular discharge
- diarrhoea (green)
- nervous signs (paralysis)
- swollen face/cyanosis of combs & wattles

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ROI of avian Influenza

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- oral, conjunctival & respiratory

- 3-5 day incubation period

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Major PM signs of AI

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- air saculitis, tracheitis, conjunctivitis & sinusitis
- ovarian regression or haemorrhage
- necrosis of comb & wattle skin
- subcutaneous oedema of head & neck
- ecchymoses of shanks & feet
- dehydration/muscle congestion
- haemorrhage in proventriculus, gizzard & lymph n
NO TREATMENT

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Chicken Anaemia.
Aka? Type of Virus?

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Cirvoviridae

also called "blue wing disease" or "haemorrhagic aplastic anaemia syndrome"

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Major CSx of Chicken Anaemia

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anorectic, lethargic, and pale
- PCV is low (<27), blood smears can show pancytopenia (depending on stage of disease).
- Death can occur
- Gangrenous dermatitis (“blue wing”).

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What does Anaemia result from in Chicken Anaemia

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From destruction of hemocytoblasts in the bone marrow

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ROI for Chicken Anaemia

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Via Egg, fomites or direct contact

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Major PM findings w Chicken Anaemia

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- Organs pale
- Thymus & bursa of Fabricius small
- Bone marrow pale or yellow
- Hemorrhage may be present in varied locations

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Diagnosis of Chicken Anaemia

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- Detection of virus antigen or DNA in thymus, bone marrow, or liver
- Commercial ELISA available to detect antibodies
NO TREATMENT. Can tx 2ndary infections w AB's.
NO vaccine available in USA.

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Coccidiosis is what? And which ones are of significance in CHICKENS

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Intracellular protozoan parasite (Eimeria spp). 9 Spp in chickens, w 5 of significance.
(BANTM)
E. acervulina
E. necatrix
E. tenella
E. maxima
E. brunetti
Easiest way to tell them apart is their effect/location in the GIT.
- Incubation period = 4-6d
- These species are host specific (chickens only)

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Major CSx of Coccidiosis

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- bloody droppings (not all), diarrhoea, wet litter
- depression
- reduced wt gain, increased FCR

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ROI of coccidiosis

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- ingestion (oral) of oocysts in infected faeces

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Major PM findings w coccidiosis

and Dx...

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- dependant on species (location in gut)
- enteritis (may involve haemorrhage – species)

Dx
- clinical signs, gross and histopathology
- isolation of oocysts from scrapings of intestinal tract

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Treatment, Control & Prevention of coccidiosis

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- Infected can be medicated via water w range of coccidiocidal AB's (amprolium, toltrazuril)

Prevent
in feed coccidiostats (ionophore AB's e.g monensin, salinomycin, narasin)
- good hygiene & shed management (disinfection)
- Vaccine (Paracox)

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Eimeria Nectarix Major lesions...

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In the & middle small intestine

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E. Tenella

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Found ONLY in the caeca. See accumulation of blood in the caeca and bloody droppings. May find caecal cores (clotted blood + tissue debris + oocysts) in birds that survive acute stage.

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E. Maxima

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Mid-lower SI affected

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E. acervulina

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Numerous white transverse patches in the upper half of the SI (duodenum).

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E. brunetti

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In severe infections may see coagulative necrosis, mucoid bloody enteritis, & sloughing of the mucosa thru most of the SI (esp lower SI & rectum).

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Coccidiosis in TURKEYS

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- E. adenoeides in ceca
- E. dispersa in entire small intestine
- E. gallopavonis in lower small intestine and rectum    
- E. meleagrimitis in middle half of small intestine.

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Causative agent of Erysipelas

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Erysipelas rhusiopathiae
- Primarily a turkey prob causing acute fulminating infection of individuals
- Can be pathogenic for Turkeys of all ages

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Major CSx of Erysipelas

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- Depression (droopy)
- Unsteady gait
- Swollen
- Purplish snoods (in toms) (fleshy/wrinkled fold of skin that hangs down over a turkey's beak)
- Sudden death

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ROI of Erysipelas

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Comb'n of contaminated enviro & entry via wounds, breaks in MM's

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PM finding's w Erysipelas

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- Generalised septicaemia
- Liver & spleen enlarged & friable (+/- mottled)
- Peritonitis & pericarditis
- Cartarrhal exduate in GIT
- Degen'n of fat assoc'd w thigh & heart
Dx based on CSx, PM signs & culture

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Tx and Control

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Penicillin, vaccination.
Good hygiene & management

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Fowl cholera is aka? And casual agent is?

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Aka Avian haemorrhagic septicemia.
Agent = Pasturella multocida (different strains)
- Affects range of poultry spp > 6wks
- Turkeys more affected than chickens
- Older more than young

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Major CSx of Fowl Cholera

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- Depression, ruffled feathers, loss appetite.
- D+, coughing, nasal, ocular & oral discharge w swollen & cyanotic wattles & face.
- Sudden death
- Swollen joints & assoc'd lameness
--> Can range from acute septicaemia to chronic & localised infections & morbidity/mortality may be up to 100%

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ROI of Fowl Cholera (avian hemorrhagic septicaemia)

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- Highly contagious
- Incubation period 5-8d
- Easily destroyed by enviro factors & disinfectants. May persist in soil
- Spread Oral-nasal route
- Flock additions, free-flying birds, predators, rodents all possibilities
- Trans via nasal exudate, faeces, contam soil, equipment & ppl
- Cannibalism of sick/dead --> dissemination
- Reservoirs of infec'n in other spp (rodents, cats, pigs?)

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Major PM w Avian hemorrhagic septicemia

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Sometimes none, or hemorrhage at a few sites.
- Enteritis
- yolk peritonitis
- Focal hepatitis
- Purulent pneumonia
- Cellulitis of face & wattles
- Purulent arthritis
- Lungs w consolidated pink 'cooked' appearance in turkeys.

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Dx of Fowl cholera (Avian hemorrhagic Septicemia)

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Pathology, impression smears & bacteria isolation

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Tx/control Fowl cholera
Prevention

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AB therapy (tetracyclines, sulphonamides)
- Penicillin for individual birds
- Oft recurs after med's stopped - may need long-term or periodic meds.

Prevent
- Control predisposing factors e.g. high density, concurrent infections (esp resp).
- Biosecurity essential
- Good rodent control, hygiene
- Vaccination optional.

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Hemorrhagic enteritis causative agent

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Viral dz of turkeys similar to marble spleen in pheasants.
Type II adenovirus.

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Major CSx of Hemorrhagic enteritis

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Sudden death
Blood from VENT of moribund birds
Drop in feed/water consumption
D+ (7wk old turkeys)
Immunosuppression predisposing to coccidiosis & resp dz
- Morbidity can reach 100% & mortality 10-60%

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ROI of hemorrhagic enteritis

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Laterally spread (oral) --> infected facility or equipment
Virus survives months in frozen faeces & weeks in contaminated litter.

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Major PM findings hemorrhagic enteritis

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- Petechial lesions in range of organs
- Intestine distended w blood
- Mottled & enlarged spleen
Dx
- CSx & PM lesions, repro of dz filtered gut contents, serology

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Tx & control

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TLC, supportive tetracyclines
- Antiserum from recovered flocks
- Autogenous vaccines made from spleen (mild strains from pheasants)
- Disinfect house & rest for 3-4wks
Prevent = biosecurity & hygiene

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Heterrakis Gallinarum

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= NEMATODE
- Affects chicken, turkey, duck & game birds.
- Direct LC (bird-bird trans, no IHost)
- affects caecum --> may thicken, inflammation or nodulation in caecal walls.
--> mild dz
- transmits HISTOMONAS MELEAGRIDIS (protozoan causing 'blackhead')
Tx = Tetramisole, fenbendazole, levamisole.

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Histomonas Meleagridis aka?

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'Black head' or Infectious enterohepatitis

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Major CSx Histomonas Meleagridis

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- Depression
- Inappetance
- Poor growth rates
- Sulphur yellow D+
- Cyanotic head
- Blood in faeces (chickens)
Rarely seen in commercial flocks but occurs in free-range or backyard flocks

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ROI Histomonas Meleagridis

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Ingested via eggs of Heterakis gallinae or in earthworms or contaminated faeces.
- Survival poor o/s earthworm or Heterakis egg
- IP = 15-20d

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Major PM findings of Histomonas Meleagridis (Heterakis Gallinae)

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Enlarged Caeca, casseous caecal cores (yellow, green or grey)
Irregular round liver lesions = turkeys.

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Dx, Tx, Control, Prevention of Histomonas Meleagridis (Heterakis Gallinae)

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Dx = CSx, path & parasite isolation.
Tx/Control = Nitarsone (arsenical) in USA. Hygiene.
Prevent = Hygiene & biosecurity (concrete floors). Reg worming.

Front 50

Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) agent?

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Coronavirus.

Highly contagious. 18-36hr incubation. v.com in broilers.

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Major CSx of infectious bronchitis Virus

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- Depression, loss appetite, coughing, huddling, gasping, dyspnoea. Wet littler, D+, egg drop, poor egg shell quality - misshapen (crinkly!) & thin, watery albumen.

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ROI of Infectious Bronchitis virus

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Conjunctiva/URT
- Aerosols, bird-bird & fomites (4wks)

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Maj PM findings

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Mild/mod resp tract infec'n/inflammation
- tracheal oedema, tracheitis & air saculitis
- cheesy plugs in bronchi & trachea
- kidneys & bronchi may be swollen & ureters may contain urate crystals

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Infectious Bursal Disease Virus - Aka? Virus?

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Birnavirus (affects chickens S1, ducks & turkeys S2)
- Also galled Gumboro

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Characteristics of Gumboro (Infectious Bursal Disease Virus)

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Severe Immunosuppression (14-28d of age)
- Highly contagious
- Persists for mths in enviro
- Meal worms & litter mites can harbour virus
- Most pathogenic in commercial layers

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Major CSx of Infectious Bursal disease (Gumboro)

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- Depression
- Inappetance
- Usteady gait
- Huddling UNDER equipment
- Vent pecking
- D+ (Urates in mucous)

ROI = ORAL

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Major PM findings of infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro)

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Odematous Bursa (may have hemorrhages)
- Bursa then proceeds to atrophy
- Hemorrhages in skeletal muscles (thighs)
- Dehydration
- Swollen kidneys w urates

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Dx of infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro)

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Hx, lesions & histopath
- Serology/virus isolation
NO TX
- AB's for 2ndary bacterial infection

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Prevention of infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro)

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Vaccination (breeders & progeny) - live & killed. Hygiene & biosecurity.

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Infectious Coryza - infectious agent?

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Haemophilus paragallinarum

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Major CSx of infectous coryza

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- catarrhal inflam'n of URT, esp nasal & sinus mucosa
- swelling of face & wattles, sneezing & dyspnoea
- purulent ocular and nasal discharge
- loss in condition & reduced
appetite
- egg drop
- high morbidity - low mortality if uncomplicated

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Characteristics of infectious coryza

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- highly infectious but only affects chickens
- incubation period of 1-3 days
followed by 2-3 days of dz
- whole flock will fall in 10 days
- H.paragallinarum survives several days outside
- easily killed by heat, drying & disinfectants

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ROI of infectious Coryza

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Conjunctiva or Nasal (not vertical)

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Major PM findings of Infectious Coryza

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- Inflamm'n of nasal passages, sinuses & trachea
- Conjuntivitis & eye-lid appearance
- Cheesy material in conjunctiva/sinus

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Tx/Control/Prevention of infectious corzya

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AB therapy - erythromycin, OTC, flouroquinolones & macrolides
Prevent
- Source stock from coryza-free flocks
- All-in/all-out policy
- Vaccination is option

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Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILT) Causative agent

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= Herpesvirus

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Major CSx of Infectious laryngotracheitis virus

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Chickens 5wks+
- Resp difficulties/gasping
- Coughing up mucous & blood ***
- Egg drop
- Occular discharge, sinusitis, nasal discharge

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Characteristic of Infectious laryngotracheitis virus

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4-21d IB period
- up to 70% mortality
- Long-term carrier status
- Persists in enviro - need disinfectants
- Mixing, moving, point of lay = stressors

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ROI of infectious laryngotracheitis virus

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Conjunctiva/URT/Oral
- Slow lateral spread via aerosole, birds & fomites

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Infectious Coryza - infectious agent?

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Haemophilus paragallinarum

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Major CSx of infectous coryza

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- catarrhal inflam'n of URT, esp nasal & sinus mucosa
- swelling of face & wattles, sneezing & dyspnoea
- purulent ocular and nasal discharge
- loss in condition & reduced
appetite
- egg drop
- high morbidity - low mortality if uncomplicated

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Characteristics of infectious coryza

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- highly infectious but only affects chickens
- incubation period of 1-3 days
followed by 2-3 days of dz
- whole flock will fall in 10 days
- H.paragallinarum survives several days outside
- easily killed by heat, drying & disinfectants

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ROI of infectious Coryza

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Conjunctiva or Nasal (not vertical)

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Major PM findings of Infectious Coryza

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- Inflamm'n of nasal passages, sinuses & trachea
- Conjuntivitis & eye-lid appearance
- Cheesy material in conjunctiva/sinus

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Tx/Control/Prevention of infectious corzya

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AB therapy - erythromycin, OTC, flouroquinolones & macrolides
Prevent
- Source stock from coryza-free flocks
- All-in/all-out policy
- Vaccination is option

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Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILT) Causative agent

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= Herpesvirus

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Major CSx of Infectious laryngotracheitis virus

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Chickens 5wks+
- Resp difficulties/gasping
- Coughing up mucous & blood ***
- Egg drop
- Occular discharge, sinusitis, nasal discharge

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Characteristic of Infectious laryngotracheitis virus

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4-21d IB period
- up to 70% mortality
- Long-term carrier status
- Persists in enviro - need disinfectants
- Mixing, moving, point of lay = stressors

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ROI of infectious laryngotracheitis virus

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Conjunctiva/URT/Oral
- Slow lateral spread via aerosole, birds & fomites

Front 80

Major PM findings of infectious larygotracheitis virus
AND TX

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Severe laryngotracheitis, oft w bloody mucous & 'cheesy' plugs present
Dx = CSx, gross & histopath
- Virus isolation
NO TX - AB therapy for 2ndary bacterial infection
- Vaccination (>4wks)

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Marek's Disease - causative agent

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= Herpes Virus

Front 82

Major CSx of Marek's Disease

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Neuro
- Infiltration into CNS --> 'floppy broiler syndrome'
- transient or long-standing paralysis of legs or wings & neck
- Eye lesions; grey iris or irregular pupil
- Vision impairment
Visceral
- tumours in heart, ovary, testes, muscles, lungs
- Wt loss
Cutaneous
- Tumours of feather follicles
- Skin around feather follicles = raised & roughened

--> Infected birds have virus for life. Mainly affects chickens (rarely turkeys). Young chicks thru to 40wk old birds.

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ROI of Marek's Disease

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Highly contagious
- Resp/aerosol w infective feather follicle dander, fomites etc.

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Major PM of Mareks Disease

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Grey-white areas of tissue in liver, spleen, kidney, lung, gonads, heart & skeletal muscle.
- Thickening of nerve trunks & loss of striation.
NO TX --> CULL.
Vacc for resistant strains (as day old or in ovo)
- Genetics can help by increasing freq of B21 gene which provides increased resistance to Marek's disease.

Front 85

Major PM findings of infectious larygotracheitis virus
AND TX

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Severe laryngotracheitis, oft w bloody mucous & 'cheesy' plugs present
Dx = CSx, gross & histopath
- Virus isolation
NO TX - AB therapy for 2ndary bacterial infection
- Vaccination (>4wks)

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Marek's Disease - causative agent

Back 86

= Herpes Virus

Front 87

NEWCASTLE DISEASE Causal agent

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Avian Paramyxovirus type 1
- 1 serotype - 5 pathotypes

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Major CSx of Marek's Disease

Back 88

Neuro
- Infiltration into CNS --> 'floppy broiler syndrome'
- transient or long-standing paralysis of legs or wings & neck
- Eye lesions; grey iris or irregular pupil
- Vision impairment
Visceral
- tumours in heart, ovary, testes, muscles, lungs
- Wt loss
Cutaneous
- Tumours of feather follicles
- Skin around feather follicles = raised & roughened

--> Infected birds have virus for life. Mainly affects chickens (rarely turkeys). Young chicks thru to 40wk old birds.

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1 serotype - 5 pathotypes of Newcastle disease

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1. Asymptomatic enteric
2. Lentogenic (mild) - vaccine strain - respiratory
3. Mesogenic (Medium) - Resp/neuro
4. Neurotropic velogenic (virulent) - neuro/resp
5. Viscerotropic velogenic (virulent) - sudden death/GI

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Major CSx of Newcastle disease

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Death
Resp (cough/dyspnoea)
Nervous (star gazing, paralysis, twisted necks)
Repro (egg drop, moult)
diarrhoea

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ROI of Marek's Disease

Back 91

Highly contagious
- Resp/aerosol w infective feather follicle dander, fomites etc.

Front 92

Major PM of Mareks Disease

Back 92

Grey-white areas of tissue in liver, spleen, kidney, lung, gonads, heart & skeletal muscle.
- Thickening of nerve trunks & loss of striation.
NO TX --> CULL.
Vacc for resistant strains (as day old or in ovo)
- Genetics can help by increasing freq of B21 gene which provides increased resistance to Marek's disease.

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Characteristics of Newcastle Disease

Back 93

Highly contagious virus
- persists up to 1yr (dust, fomites)
- Can be carried by Pscittacines******
ROI = Aerosols, bird to bird, fomites & visitors. Not vertical but poor hatchery hygiene.

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Major PM findings of Newcastle disease

Back 94

Air saculitis & tracheitis
- Neurotic plaques in proventriculus (& hemorrhage), intestine & caecal tonsil

Front 95

NEWCASTLE DISEASE Causal agent

Back 95

Avian Paramyxovirus type 1
- 1 serotype - 5 pathotypes

Front 96

1 serotype - 5 pathotypes of Newcastle disease

Back 96

1. Asymptomatic enteric
2. Lentogenic (mild) - vaccine strain - respiratory
3. Mesogenic (Medium) - Resp/neuro
4. Neurotropic velogenic (virulent) - neuro/resp
5. Viscerotropic velogenic (virulent) - sudden death/GI

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Major CSx of Newcastle disease

Back 97

Death
Resp (cough/dyspnoea)
Nervous (star gazing, paralysis, twisted necks)
Repro (egg drop, moult)
diarrhoea

Front 98

Characteristics of Newcastle Disease

Back 98

Highly contagious virus
- persists up to 1yr (dust, fomites)
- Can be carried by Pscittacines******
ROI = Aerosols, bird to bird, fomites & visitors. Not vertical but poor hatchery hygiene.

Front 99

Major PM findings of Newcastle disease

Back 99

Air saculitis & tracheitis
- Neurotic plaques in proventriculus (& hemorrhage), intestine & caecal tonsil

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Tx/Control/Prevent Newcastle disease

Back 100

NO TX. Scorched earth response. NOTIFIABLE DZ.
Prevent = vacc (breeders & day old chicks).

Front 101

Toxico Infectious Botulism - Causative agent and AKA.

Back 101

Clostridium botulinum (Type C = most com). ACDE can affect poultry.
Aka 'Limberneck'

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Major CSx of Toxico infectious botulism

Back 102

Flaccid paralysis - progressing from legs up to wings, neck & eyelids.
- May drop beak to floor to prop themselves up.
- or Recub w neck extended on floor
- D+ in broilers w excess urates
- death

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Characterisics of toxico infectious botulism

Back 103

Spread by GIT of avian spp.
- Affected carcasses = most likely source.
ROI = via ingestion of preformed toxins or in vivo prod'n of toxin from infected wound or GIT infection (caecae)

Front 104

Major PM findings of toxico infectious botulism

Back 104

No specific gross or microscopic lesions
Dx = CSx, No organ lesions, detection of toxins in serum (crop or intestinal washing's preferred).

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Tx/Control/Prevent

Back 105

Remove toxins from enviro.
ABs? (Bacitracin, chloretetracycline)
- Prompt removal of dead chickens from poultry houses. Fly control. Cleaning & disinfection.

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West Nile Virus - causal agent

Back 106

Flaviviridae (arthropod borne zoonosis)
- New virulent strain Isr98 (israel & USA) - extensive mortality in wild & captive birds

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Major CSx West Nile Virus

Back 107

Death,
Anorexia, weakness, depression, wt loss.
Neuro = Circling, abnormal head & neck posture, ataxia.

Front 108

Characteristics of WNV

Back 108

Natural LC involves mosquitoes & wild birds
- Wide host range (birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, mosquitoes & ticks).
- In mammals - humans & horses have clinical illness
- Avian hosts = primary hosts - young chickens & geese adversely affected & amplify virus prod'n.

Front 109

ROI of WNV

Back 109

Arthropod vector (mosquitoes - 43 spp)

Front 110

Major PM findings of WNV

Back 110

Brain hemorrhage
Spleomegaly
Meninoencephalitis
Myocarditis

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Dx of WNV

Back 111

Intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice (??)
- ELISA
- Virus detection (PCR)
NO TX
Prevent = vacc, biosecurity, hygiene & vector control