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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Commercial broiler breeders are typically housed in the breeder house at a ratio of
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10 Hens to 1 cockrel
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Young turkeys are called?
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Poults
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Cell mediated immunity is centred in the?
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Thymus
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Humoral immunity is centred in the?
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Bursa of Fabricius
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Broiler breeder flocks are routinely vaccinated with both live and inactivated vaccines because...?
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the live vaccine acts to “prime” to the birds to stimulate an anamnestic response to subsequent vaccination with an inactivated vaccine.
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Who sets the regulations for chicken vaccines?
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USDA
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Avian Influenza. What is it also known as and what type of virus is it?
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Aka 'Fowl Plague'
and is an Orthomyxovirus type A Potential Zoonotic dz. Notifiable. HP forms are H5 or H7 |
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Major CSx of Avian Influenza
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- sudden death
- egg drop - coughing - nasal/ocular discharge - diarrhoea (green) - nervous signs (paralysis) - swollen face/cyanosis of combs & wattles |
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ROI of avian Influenza
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- oral, conjunctival & respiratory
- 3-5 day incubation period |
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Major PM signs of AI
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- air saculitis, tracheitis, conjunctivitis & sinusitis
- ovarian regression or haemorrhage - necrosis of comb & wattle skin - subcutaneous oedema of head & neck - ecchymoses of shanks & feet - dehydration/muscle congestion - haemorrhage in proventriculus, gizzard & lymph n NO TREATMENT |
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Chicken Anaemia.
Aka? Type of Virus? |
Cirvoviridae
also called "blue wing disease" or "haemorrhagic aplastic anaemia syndrome" |
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Major CSx of Chicken Anaemia
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anorectic, lethargic, and pale
- PCV is low (<27), blood smears can show pancytopenia (depending on stage of disease). - Death can occur - Gangrenous dermatitis (“blue wing”). |
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What does Anaemia result from in Chicken Anaemia
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From destruction of hemocytoblasts in the bone marrow
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ROI for Chicken Anaemia
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Via Egg, fomites or direct contact
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Major PM findings w Chicken Anaemia
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- Organs pale
- Thymus & bursa of Fabricius small - Bone marrow pale or yellow - Hemorrhage may be present in varied locations |
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Diagnosis of Chicken Anaemia
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- Detection of virus antigen or DNA in thymus, bone marrow, or liver
- Commercial ELISA available to detect antibodies NO TREATMENT. Can tx 2ndary infections w AB's. NO vaccine available in USA. |
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Coccidiosis is what? And which ones are of significance in CHICKENS
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Intracellular protozoan parasite (Eimeria spp). 9 Spp in chickens, w 5 of significance.
(BANTM) E. acervulina E. necatrix E. tenella E. maxima E. brunetti Easiest way to tell them apart is their effect/location in the GIT. - Incubation period = 4-6d - These species are host specific (chickens only) |
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Major CSx of Coccidiosis
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- bloody droppings (not all), diarrhoea, wet litter
- depression - reduced wt gain, increased FCR |
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ROI of coccidiosis
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- ingestion (oral) of oocysts in infected faeces
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Major PM findings w coccidiosis
and Dx... |
- dependant on species (location in gut)
- enteritis (may involve haemorrhage – species) Dx - clinical signs, gross and histopathology - isolation of oocysts from scrapings of intestinal tract |
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Treatment, Control & Prevention of coccidiosis
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- Infected can be medicated via water w range of coccidiocidal AB's (amprolium, toltrazuril)
Prevent in feed coccidiostats (ionophore AB's e.g monensin, salinomycin, narasin) - good hygiene & shed management (disinfection) - Vaccine (Paracox) |
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Eimeria Nectarix Major lesions...
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In the & middle small intestine
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E. Tenella
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Found ONLY in the caeca. See accumulation of blood in the caeca and bloody droppings. May find caecal cores (clotted blood + tissue debris + oocysts) in birds that survive acute stage.
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E. Maxima
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Mid-lower SI affected
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E. acervulina
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Numerous white transverse patches in the upper half of the SI (duodenum).
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E. brunetti
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In severe infections may see coagulative necrosis, mucoid bloody enteritis, & sloughing of the mucosa thru most of the SI (esp lower SI & rectum).
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Coccidiosis in TURKEYS
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- E. adenoeides in ceca
- E. dispersa in entire small intestine - E. gallopavonis in lower small intestine and rectum - E. meleagrimitis in middle half of small intestine. |
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Causative agent of Erysipelas
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Erysipelas rhusiopathiae
- Primarily a turkey prob causing acute fulminating infection of individuals - Can be pathogenic for Turkeys of all ages |
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Major CSx of Erysipelas
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- Depression (droopy)
- Unsteady gait - Swollen - Purplish snoods (in toms) (fleshy/wrinkled fold of skin that hangs down over a turkey's beak) - Sudden death |
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ROI of Erysipelas
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Comb'n of contaminated enviro & entry via wounds, breaks in MM's
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PM finding's w Erysipelas
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- Generalised septicaemia
- Liver & spleen enlarged & friable (+/- mottled) - Peritonitis & pericarditis - Cartarrhal exduate in GIT - Degen'n of fat assoc'd w thigh & heart Dx based on CSx, PM signs & culture |
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Tx and Control
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Penicillin, vaccination.
Good hygiene & management |
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Fowl cholera is aka? And casual agent is?
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Aka Avian haemorrhagic septicemia.
Agent = Pasturella multocida (different strains) - Affects range of poultry spp > 6wks - Turkeys more affected than chickens - Older more than young |
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Major CSx of Fowl Cholera
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- Depression, ruffled feathers, loss appetite.
- D+, coughing, nasal, ocular & oral discharge w swollen & cyanotic wattles & face. - Sudden death - Swollen joints & assoc'd lameness --> Can range from acute septicaemia to chronic & localised infections & morbidity/mortality may be up to 100% |
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ROI of Fowl Cholera (avian hemorrhagic septicaemia)
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- Highly contagious
- Incubation period 5-8d - Easily destroyed by enviro factors & disinfectants. May persist in soil - Spread Oral-nasal route - Flock additions, free-flying birds, predators, rodents all possibilities - Trans via nasal exudate, faeces, contam soil, equipment & ppl - Cannibalism of sick/dead --> dissemination - Reservoirs of infec'n in other spp (rodents, cats, pigs?) |
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Major PM w Avian hemorrhagic septicemia
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Sometimes none, or hemorrhage at a few sites.
- Enteritis - yolk peritonitis - Focal hepatitis - Purulent pneumonia - Cellulitis of face & wattles - Purulent arthritis - Lungs w consolidated pink 'cooked' appearance in turkeys. |
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Dx of Fowl cholera (Avian hemorrhagic Septicemia)
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Pathology, impression smears & bacteria isolation
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Tx/control Fowl cholera
Prevention |
AB therapy (tetracyclines, sulphonamides)
- Penicillin for individual birds - Oft recurs after med's stopped - may need long-term or periodic meds. Prevent - Control predisposing factors e.g. high density, concurrent infections (esp resp). - Biosecurity essential - Good rodent control, hygiene - Vaccination optional. |
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Hemorrhagic enteritis causative agent
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Viral dz of turkeys similar to marble spleen in pheasants.
Type II adenovirus. |
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Major CSx of Hemorrhagic enteritis
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Sudden death
Blood from VENT of moribund birds Drop in feed/water consumption D+ (7wk old turkeys) Immunosuppression predisposing to coccidiosis & resp dz - Morbidity can reach 100% & mortality 10-60% |
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ROI of hemorrhagic enteritis
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Laterally spread (oral) --> infected facility or equipment
Virus survives months in frozen faeces & weeks in contaminated litter. |
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Major PM findings hemorrhagic enteritis
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- Petechial lesions in range of organs
- Intestine distended w blood - Mottled & enlarged spleen Dx - CSx & PM lesions, repro of dz filtered gut contents, serology |
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Tx & control
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TLC, supportive tetracyclines
- Antiserum from recovered flocks - Autogenous vaccines made from spleen (mild strains from pheasants) - Disinfect house & rest for 3-4wks Prevent = biosecurity & hygiene |
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Heterrakis Gallinarum
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= NEMATODE
- Affects chicken, turkey, duck & game birds. - Direct LC (bird-bird trans, no IHost) - affects caecum --> may thicken, inflammation or nodulation in caecal walls. --> mild dz - transmits HISTOMONAS MELEAGRIDIS (protozoan causing 'blackhead') Tx = Tetramisole, fenbendazole, levamisole. |
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Histomonas Meleagridis aka?
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'Black head' or Infectious enterohepatitis
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Major CSx Histomonas Meleagridis
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- Depression
- Inappetance - Poor growth rates - Sulphur yellow D+ - Cyanotic head - Blood in faeces (chickens) Rarely seen in commercial flocks but occurs in free-range or backyard flocks |
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ROI Histomonas Meleagridis
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Ingested via eggs of Heterakis gallinae or in earthworms or contaminated faeces.
- Survival poor o/s earthworm or Heterakis egg - IP = 15-20d |
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Major PM findings of Histomonas Meleagridis (Heterakis Gallinae)
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Enlarged Caeca, casseous caecal cores (yellow, green or grey)
Irregular round liver lesions = turkeys. |
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Dx, Tx, Control, Prevention of Histomonas Meleagridis (Heterakis Gallinae)
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Dx = CSx, path & parasite isolation.
Tx/Control = Nitarsone (arsenical) in USA. Hygiene. Prevent = Hygiene & biosecurity (concrete floors). Reg worming. |
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Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) agent?
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Coronavirus.
Highly contagious. 18-36hr incubation. v.com in broilers. |
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Major CSx of infectious bronchitis Virus
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- Depression, loss appetite, coughing, huddling, gasping, dyspnoea. Wet littler, D+, egg drop, poor egg shell quality - misshapen (crinkly!) & thin, watery albumen.
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ROI of Infectious Bronchitis virus
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Conjunctiva/URT
- Aerosols, bird-bird & fomites (4wks) |
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Maj PM findings
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Mild/mod resp tract infec'n/inflammation
- tracheal oedema, tracheitis & air saculitis - cheesy plugs in bronchi & trachea - kidneys & bronchi may be swollen & ureters may contain urate crystals |
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Infectious Bursal Disease Virus - Aka? Virus?
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Birnavirus (affects chickens S1, ducks & turkeys S2)
- Also galled Gumboro |
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Characteristics of Gumboro (Infectious Bursal Disease Virus)
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Severe Immunosuppression (14-28d of age)
- Highly contagious - Persists for mths in enviro - Meal worms & litter mites can harbour virus - Most pathogenic in commercial layers |
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Major CSx of Infectious Bursal disease (Gumboro)
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- Depression
- Inappetance - Usteady gait - Huddling UNDER equipment - Vent pecking - D+ (Urates in mucous) ROI = ORAL |
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Major PM findings of infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro)
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Odematous Bursa (may have hemorrhages)
- Bursa then proceeds to atrophy - Hemorrhages in skeletal muscles (thighs) - Dehydration - Swollen kidneys w urates |
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Dx of infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro)
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Hx, lesions & histopath
- Serology/virus isolation NO TX - AB's for 2ndary bacterial infection |
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Prevention of infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro)
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Vaccination (breeders & progeny) - live & killed. Hygiene & biosecurity.
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Infectious Coryza - infectious agent?
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Haemophilus paragallinarum
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Major CSx of infectous coryza
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- catarrhal inflam'n of URT, esp nasal & sinus mucosa
- swelling of face & wattles, sneezing & dyspnoea - purulent ocular and nasal discharge - loss in condition & reduced appetite - egg drop - high morbidity - low mortality if uncomplicated |
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Characteristics of infectious coryza
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- highly infectious but only affects chickens
- incubation period of 1-3 days followed by 2-3 days of dz - whole flock will fall in 10 days - H.paragallinarum survives several days outside - easily killed by heat, drying & disinfectants |
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ROI of infectious Coryza
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Conjunctiva or Nasal (not vertical)
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Major PM findings of Infectious Coryza
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- Inflamm'n of nasal passages, sinuses & trachea
- Conjuntivitis & eye-lid appearance - Cheesy material in conjunctiva/sinus |
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Tx/Control/Prevention of infectious corzya
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AB therapy - erythromycin, OTC, flouroquinolones & macrolides
Prevent - Source stock from coryza-free flocks - All-in/all-out policy - Vaccination is option |
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Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILT) Causative agent
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= Herpesvirus
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Major CSx of Infectious laryngotracheitis virus
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Chickens 5wks+
- Resp difficulties/gasping - Coughing up mucous & blood *** - Egg drop - Occular discharge, sinusitis, nasal discharge |
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Characteristic of Infectious laryngotracheitis virus
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4-21d IB period
- up to 70% mortality - Long-term carrier status - Persists in enviro - need disinfectants - Mixing, moving, point of lay = stressors |
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ROI of infectious laryngotracheitis virus
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Conjunctiva/URT/Oral
- Slow lateral spread via aerosole, birds & fomites |
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Infectious Coryza - infectious agent?
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Haemophilus paragallinarum
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Major CSx of infectous coryza
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- catarrhal inflam'n of URT, esp nasal & sinus mucosa
- swelling of face & wattles, sneezing & dyspnoea - purulent ocular and nasal discharge - loss in condition & reduced appetite - egg drop - high morbidity - low mortality if uncomplicated |
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Characteristics of infectious coryza
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- highly infectious but only affects chickens
- incubation period of 1-3 days followed by 2-3 days of dz - whole flock will fall in 10 days - H.paragallinarum survives several days outside - easily killed by heat, drying & disinfectants |
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ROI of infectious Coryza
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Conjunctiva or Nasal (not vertical)
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Major PM findings of Infectious Coryza
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- Inflamm'n of nasal passages, sinuses & trachea
- Conjuntivitis & eye-lid appearance - Cheesy material in conjunctiva/sinus |
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Tx/Control/Prevention of infectious corzya
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AB therapy - erythromycin, OTC, flouroquinolones & macrolides
Prevent - Source stock from coryza-free flocks - All-in/all-out policy - Vaccination is option |
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Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILT) Causative agent
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= Herpesvirus
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Major CSx of Infectious laryngotracheitis virus
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Chickens 5wks+
- Resp difficulties/gasping - Coughing up mucous & blood *** - Egg drop - Occular discharge, sinusitis, nasal discharge |
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Characteristic of Infectious laryngotracheitis virus
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4-21d IB period
- up to 70% mortality - Long-term carrier status - Persists in enviro - need disinfectants - Mixing, moving, point of lay = stressors |
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ROI of infectious laryngotracheitis virus
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Conjunctiva/URT/Oral
- Slow lateral spread via aerosole, birds & fomites |
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Major PM findings of infectious larygotracheitis virus
AND TX |
Severe laryngotracheitis, oft w bloody mucous & 'cheesy' plugs present
Dx = CSx, gross & histopath - Virus isolation NO TX - AB therapy for 2ndary bacterial infection - Vaccination (>4wks) |
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Marek's Disease - causative agent
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= Herpes Virus
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Major CSx of Marek's Disease
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Neuro
- Infiltration into CNS --> 'floppy broiler syndrome' - transient or long-standing paralysis of legs or wings & neck - Eye lesions; grey iris or irregular pupil - Vision impairment Visceral - tumours in heart, ovary, testes, muscles, lungs - Wt loss Cutaneous - Tumours of feather follicles - Skin around feather follicles = raised & roughened --> Infected birds have virus for life. Mainly affects chickens (rarely turkeys). Young chicks thru to 40wk old birds. |
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ROI of Marek's Disease
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Highly contagious
- Resp/aerosol w infective feather follicle dander, fomites etc. |
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Major PM of Mareks Disease
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Grey-white areas of tissue in liver, spleen, kidney, lung, gonads, heart & skeletal muscle.
- Thickening of nerve trunks & loss of striation. NO TX --> CULL. Vacc for resistant strains (as day old or in ovo) - Genetics can help by increasing freq of B21 gene which provides increased resistance to Marek's disease. |
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Major PM findings of infectious larygotracheitis virus
AND TX |
Severe laryngotracheitis, oft w bloody mucous & 'cheesy' plugs present
Dx = CSx, gross & histopath - Virus isolation NO TX - AB therapy for 2ndary bacterial infection - Vaccination (>4wks) |
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Marek's Disease - causative agent
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= Herpes Virus
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NEWCASTLE DISEASE Causal agent
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Avian Paramyxovirus type 1
- 1 serotype - 5 pathotypes |
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Major CSx of Marek's Disease
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Neuro
- Infiltration into CNS --> 'floppy broiler syndrome' - transient or long-standing paralysis of legs or wings & neck - Eye lesions; grey iris or irregular pupil - Vision impairment Visceral - tumours in heart, ovary, testes, muscles, lungs - Wt loss Cutaneous - Tumours of feather follicles - Skin around feather follicles = raised & roughened --> Infected birds have virus for life. Mainly affects chickens (rarely turkeys). Young chicks thru to 40wk old birds. |
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1 serotype - 5 pathotypes of Newcastle disease
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1. Asymptomatic enteric
2. Lentogenic (mild) - vaccine strain - respiratory 3. Mesogenic (Medium) - Resp/neuro 4. Neurotropic velogenic (virulent) - neuro/resp 5. Viscerotropic velogenic (virulent) - sudden death/GI |
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Major CSx of Newcastle disease
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Death
Resp (cough/dyspnoea) Nervous (star gazing, paralysis, twisted necks) Repro (egg drop, moult) diarrhoea |
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ROI of Marek's Disease
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Highly contagious
- Resp/aerosol w infective feather follicle dander, fomites etc. |
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Major PM of Mareks Disease
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Grey-white areas of tissue in liver, spleen, kidney, lung, gonads, heart & skeletal muscle.
- Thickening of nerve trunks & loss of striation. NO TX --> CULL. Vacc for resistant strains (as day old or in ovo) - Genetics can help by increasing freq of B21 gene which provides increased resistance to Marek's disease. |
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Characteristics of Newcastle Disease
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Highly contagious virus
- persists up to 1yr (dust, fomites) - Can be carried by Pscittacines****** ROI = Aerosols, bird to bird, fomites & visitors. Not vertical but poor hatchery hygiene. |
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Major PM findings of Newcastle disease
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Air saculitis & tracheitis
- Neurotic plaques in proventriculus (& hemorrhage), intestine & caecal tonsil |
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NEWCASTLE DISEASE Causal agent
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Avian Paramyxovirus type 1
- 1 serotype - 5 pathotypes |
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1 serotype - 5 pathotypes of Newcastle disease
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1. Asymptomatic enteric
2. Lentogenic (mild) - vaccine strain - respiratory 3. Mesogenic (Medium) - Resp/neuro 4. Neurotropic velogenic (virulent) - neuro/resp 5. Viscerotropic velogenic (virulent) - sudden death/GI |
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Major CSx of Newcastle disease
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Death
Resp (cough/dyspnoea) Nervous (star gazing, paralysis, twisted necks) Repro (egg drop, moult) diarrhoea |
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Characteristics of Newcastle Disease
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Highly contagious virus
- persists up to 1yr (dust, fomites) - Can be carried by Pscittacines****** ROI = Aerosols, bird to bird, fomites & visitors. Not vertical but poor hatchery hygiene. |
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Major PM findings of Newcastle disease
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Air saculitis & tracheitis
- Neurotic plaques in proventriculus (& hemorrhage), intestine & caecal tonsil |
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Tx/Control/Prevent Newcastle disease
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NO TX. Scorched earth response. NOTIFIABLE DZ.
Prevent = vacc (breeders & day old chicks). |
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Toxico Infectious Botulism - Causative agent and AKA.
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Clostridium botulinum (Type C = most com). ACDE can affect poultry.
Aka 'Limberneck' |
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Major CSx of Toxico infectious botulism
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Flaccid paralysis - progressing from legs up to wings, neck & eyelids.
- May drop beak to floor to prop themselves up. - or Recub w neck extended on floor - D+ in broilers w excess urates - death |
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Characterisics of toxico infectious botulism
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Spread by GIT of avian spp.
- Affected carcasses = most likely source. ROI = via ingestion of preformed toxins or in vivo prod'n of toxin from infected wound or GIT infection (caecae) |
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Major PM findings of toxico infectious botulism
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No specific gross or microscopic lesions
Dx = CSx, No organ lesions, detection of toxins in serum (crop or intestinal washing's preferred). |
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Tx/Control/Prevent
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Remove toxins from enviro.
ABs? (Bacitracin, chloretetracycline) - Prompt removal of dead chickens from poultry houses. Fly control. Cleaning & disinfection. |
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West Nile Virus - causal agent
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Flaviviridae (arthropod borne zoonosis)
- New virulent strain Isr98 (israel & USA) - extensive mortality in wild & captive birds |
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Major CSx West Nile Virus
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Death,
Anorexia, weakness, depression, wt loss. Neuro = Circling, abnormal head & neck posture, ataxia. |
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Characteristics of WNV
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Natural LC involves mosquitoes & wild birds
- Wide host range (birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, mosquitoes & ticks). - In mammals - humans & horses have clinical illness - Avian hosts = primary hosts - young chickens & geese adversely affected & amplify virus prod'n. |
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ROI of WNV
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Arthropod vector (mosquitoes - 43 spp)
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Major PM findings of WNV
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Brain hemorrhage
Spleomegaly Meninoencephalitis Myocarditis |
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Dx of WNV
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Intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice (??)
- ELISA - Virus detection (PCR) NO TX Prevent = vacc, biosecurity, hygiene & vector control |