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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the classical path feature of bovine TV
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caseating granuloma aka tubercle
retropharyngeal LN brochial LN mediastinal LN pulmonary parenchyma |
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causes of badly bled broilers
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automatic neck cutter
- uneven flock size - poorly adjusted backup slaughterman?! bleeding time insufficient |
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preventing bad bleeding in broilers
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isolate runts/oversized birds
ensure manual backup in place |
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action for tumors in poultry
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total rejection of carcass and offal
+/- partial rejection if tumor is localized and isolated with a capsule marek's = total for extensive cutaneous or visceral forms marek's = partial for localized skin lesions record on CCIR 12/1 |
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causes of tumors in poultry
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marek's disease
avian leucosis hemangioma - benign and congenital squamous cell carcinoma fibrosarcoma/fibromyoma |
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what is the avian leucosis complex
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tumor causing virus
Lymphoid - spleen liver and cloaca nodular or diffuse Erythroid- enlarged S&L cherry red Myeloid- diffuse L&K mottled and granular Osteoporosis- thickened long bones |
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actions for septicemic birds
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total condemnation of carcass and offal
record on FCI and CCIR |
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appearance and cause of septicemia in poultry
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dark and dehydrated meat
toxins or bacteria in the blood |
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what do hypothermic birds look like at PMI
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they look septicemic: pink/red
indicates poor welfare at farm, transport or lairage |
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differentiating between septicemia and hypothermia
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twist the breast skin for elasticity
septicemic = dehydrated = skin remains twisted |
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action for hypothermic birds
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check welfare at farm, transport and lairage
record under on CCIR meat acceptable except if severely affected |
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action for salpingitis at PMI
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condemnation of the oviduct
condemnation of the whole carcass and offal if associated with secondary conditions (many FBO reject whole carcass due to low initial value anyway) record on FCI/CCIR |
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lesions of salpingitis
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distension of abdomen
inflamed oviduct +/- cheesy purulence |
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causes of salpingitis
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end of lay hens
infection - ecoli, (salmonella) mycoplasma physiological inflammation |
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actions for runty poultry
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culling at shackling due to difficulties involved with the production line
usually fit for HC but often contaminated on production line record in CIR 12/1 antemortem culls and reason |
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signs of runty birds
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well fleshed but significantly smaller in size
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causes of runts
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poor T control
poor farm hygiene = general disease poor ventilation poor genetics viral infection (adeno reo) diarrhea |
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differentiating runts from uneven flock
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runts = most of flock is one size and some few are significantly smaller
uneven = most bird lie within a small variation of sizes |
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possible problems on the production line due to runtiness
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failure to stun
missing the neck cutter fall from shackles suffer machine damage during dressing |
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what is indicated about the farm by runty birds
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problem with:
hygiene at growing farm breeder nutrition/egg management nutrition/management |
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actions taken for poor processing in poultry
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FBO must address the problem - dress the carcass +/- adjust machinery
may require condemnation if contaminated carcasses condemn if FBO declines to redress carcass record on FCI/CCIR as 'processing other' |
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define processing failure
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carcass that is not dressed or is not dressed to an acceptable standard
plucking evisceration head removal feet removal |
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causes of processing failure
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most often the plucker o the eviscerator
poor plucking - scald tank failure, bird wrong size poor evisceration - machine not set to bird size, abnormal bird size |
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action for peritonitis in poultry/perihepatitis in poultry
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total condemnation of carcass
record on CIR 12/1 |
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describe peritonitis in poultry
lesions |
dry caseous or mucopurulent yellow exudate limited to abdominal cavity
inflammation of membrane covering all organs of the abdomen |
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describe perihepatitis in poultry
lesions |
inflammation of liver capsule
fibrous appearance to liver variable thickness/extension to fibrous attachments |
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causes of peritonitis in poultry
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secondary to trauma, salpingits, enteritis or hepatitis
ecoli most common pathogen (also pasturella) |
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causes of perihepatitis in poultry
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ecoli or salmonella
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what can be confused for periheptatis or peritonitis in poultry
differentiating characteristic |
oedema of the liver capsule associated with ascites or fever- fluid would be filmy transudate instead of caseous
air sacculitis - ?only air sacs affected, viscera normal once removed |
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actions for badly bled broilers
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total rejection of carcass and offal
record on CIR 12/1 SERIOUS concern for stun only systems live bird scalded and plucked |
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action for pericarditis poultry
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total rejection: active or severe cases or secondary conditions found
partial rejection: resolved or subacute cases record in CIR 12/1 |
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describe pericarditis lesion
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loss of translucency or increase in opacity of pericardium
cloudy or turbid fluid in pericardial sac severe cases = heart obscured by white inflammatory tissue |
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what if there's adherance of pericardial sac but no change in pericardial fluid
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this does not indicate pericariditis and should not be used as the sole indicator for rejection of Carcass
pericarditis in young birds may resolve with pericardial sac remaining adhered to epicardium |
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cause of pericarditis
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bacterial infection - early or later in life
usually ecoli/salmonella and often 2' to viral resp challenge also mycoplasma |
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action for overscalded broiler
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check breast meat for cooking
>2mm depth = total rejection <2mm depth = fit for HC not cooked = fit for HC FBO may condemn all carcasses for quality reasons record in CCIR12/1 |
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describe the appearance of overscalded poultry
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it looks cooked
may have a sticky texture and skin is brighter and whiter |
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causes of overscald
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halted production line (breakdown)
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why is overscald a health issue
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more susceptible to bacterial growth, deterioration by bacteria
reduced shelf life |
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dealing with overscald during production
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often a large number so production line needs to be slowed
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list the reasons that poultry MUST be fully rejected
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bad bleeding
extensive overscald extensive tumors visceral marek's septicemia peritonitis and perihepatitis active pericarditis severe pericarditis jaundice white muscle disease emaciation generalized dermatitis DOA poultry gross contamination wet cellulitis ascites acute air sacculitis extensive antemortem bruising |
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action to be taken for jaundiced poultry or white muscle disease
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total rejection carcass and offal
record on CIR12/1 |
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action to be taken for oregon disease or congenital malformation
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affected parts trimmed
ok of HC if no other problems record on CIR12/1 |
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describe jaundice
lesion |
yellowish skin, body fat, mucous membranes, and internal organs
often with pathological liver: enlarged, cholangiohepatitis, necrotic foci |
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describe oregon disease
lesion |
green discoloration of supracoracoideus muscle (deep breast muscle)
entire breast may appear concave |
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describe white muscle
lesion |
white stripes in breast muscle
areas are tougher on palpation and depressed |
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describe congenital malformations
lesion |
anomolies in the appearance of the carcass
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what else causes yellow skin coloration in poultry
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corn feeding
use FCI to determine if yellow is 'normal' check the liver |
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investigating oregon disease
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transillumination : reveals a shadow in the breast meat
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what birds are commonly affected by oregon disease
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turkey hens
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cause of oregon disease
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supracoracoideus muscle has an inelastic membrane
intense muscular activity = occlusion of blood supply necrosis of muscle group |
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cause of white muscle
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Se or VitE deficiency
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action taken for machine damage in broilers
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record in CIR 12/1
partial rejection if minor : trim affected area total rejection if major : deep tissue damage |
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describe machine damage
lesion |
occurs after death= no bruising
broken bones skin torn dislocation muscle torn |
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differentiate between PM damage and AM damage
lesions |
no bruising or bleeding
bruised tissue surrounding damage |
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what is the cause of machine damage
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machinery not adjusted or maintained properly
bird is abnormal usually during defeathering and evisceration |
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action taken for hock/joint lesions
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NO systemic signs
= trim at next normal joint = reject affected parts record on CIR12/1 |
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describe joint disease
lesion |
swollen joint
+/- redness and cellulitis +/- deformity incision may show fibrinous exudate or pus infection may track into the body cavity (systemic disease) |
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causes of joint infection in poultry
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reovirus
mycoplasma bacterial infection trauma nutritional imbalance |
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what species is particularly prone to joint infection
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ducks
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action taken for hepatitis, cholangeiohepatitis, necrotic foci
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if only the liver is affected with no other signs
= discard liver if ANY other offal or tissue are affected total rejection |
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describe hepatitis
lesion |
enlarged, rounded with smooth surface
often with necrotic foci or reticular pattern color variable: cherry red to pale brown to bronze chronic degenerative condition obstruction of biliary tree by toxins(?) |
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causes of hepatitis
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bacterial or viral infection
ascends the from the gut to bile duct and gall bladder C perfringens may be involved |
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cause of footpad dermatitis
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poor litter quality
shallow litter depth wet and/or dirty litter breed predisposition bird age |
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why is footpad dermatitis important
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useful indicator of welfare on farm
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action to be taken for footpad dermatitis
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condemn affected feet
none if low incidence severely affected flock = notify FBO and Animal Health to investigate welfare at farm |
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describe footpad dermatitis
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eroded and sometimes ulcerated lesion on the bottom of the foot
condition is painful |
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action taken with emaciated poultry
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total rejection of carcass
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describe emaciated poultry
lesion |
poor muscle development
little or no fat deposits sternum prodtrudes from concave breast +/- other disease important to compare with normal for THAT type of bird (layer looks emaciated next to broiler) |
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cause of emaciation in poultry
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genetics
deprivation of smaller birds due to elevating drinkers/waterers large numbers indicate management issue or challenge by disease |
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why are emaciated birds rejected
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the condition indicates there may have been a more severe underlying cause
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what is the differentiation between emaciation and runts
lesion |
emaciated birds lack muscle conformation and fat cover
runts are normal in appearance OTHER than the smaller size +/- slightly leaner than full size birds |
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action for dermatitis in poultry
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generalised = total rejection
localised = trim to OV's satisfaction (partial rejection) should follow approved guidelines pre-arranged between OV and FBO |
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describe dermatitis
lesion |
inflammation of the skin associated with bacterial infection within the skin thickness
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what types of dermatitis exist in poultry
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breast burn, hock burn and pododermatitis
scabby hip dermatitis (brown crust on thigh) gangrenous dermatitis |
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describe gangrenous dermatitis
lesion |
skin necrosis
subcutaneous fluid underlying muscle has cooked, hemorrhagic appearance legs, wings and abdomen most frequently affected |
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causes of dermatitis in poultry
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contact with irritant (uric acid)
physical trauma from other birds nutritional deficiency (Zn, vits) rare 2' bacterial infection (staph, strep, clostridia, erysipelas) poor feathering high density poor litter too well lit (housing) poor handling |
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action taken for DOA poultry
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total rejection at shackling
consider cause and possible welfare investigation |
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describe DOA
lesion |
poultry are dead at shackling point
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causes of DOA poultry
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stress or injury at catching, transport or lairage
linked to heat stress linked to long travel times linked to faster growing breeds/lines linked to general disease in the flock |
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what are the OV responsibilities when %DOA rises above normal
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consider whether to PM birds
most should have died of heart failure or trauma |
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what is a minor problem with gas killing wrt DOAs
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can't determine which birds died in the gas and which were DOA
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action to be taken for contamination of carcasses
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partial reject
- slight or localized contamination - FBO must wash and or trim contamination total reject - gross contamination - birds exposed for prolonged time (not immediately cleaned |
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causes of contamination in poultry slaughter
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biological: not fasted, poor evisceration technique, poor machine maintenance
chemical/other: grease/oil from machinery, falling to floor, exposure to cleaning agents runt bird |
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action taken for cellulitis
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total condemnation
- wet form of cellulitis (impossible to clearly demarcate) partial rejection - dry form (can localize) - no systemic effects are evident - trim affected area |
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describe cellulitis
lesion |
inflammation of connective tissue between muscle and skin
only detectable at slaughter after scalding and pluck yellowing and thickening of sub dermis and sub cutaneous connective tissue incision may reveal puss +/- petechiae of underlying muscle |
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differentiate between wet and dry cellulitis
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wet = yellow skin with jellylike caseous pus, often with septicemia
dry = sheet of dry yellow pus |
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causes of cellulitis
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physical trauma leading to 2' infection
- upper thigh - abdominal wall due to irritant litter chronic subcut infection - from navel infection, often inspissated pus usually ecoli |
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risk factors for cellulitis in poultry
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high density sheds
high humidity use of low feathering broilers - belly exposed to litter |
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why can dry cellulitis carcasses be salvaged
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the lesions are usually sterile, localised and well demarcated
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action to be taken for ante/perimortem bruising or trauma
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based on degree
reject if affected area can be trimmed total rejection if severe or whole carcass damaged welfare investigation if large % affected |
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describe ante/perimortem trauma
lesion |
obvious fracture or other trauma associated with bruising or hemorrhage
90% occur within 12-24 hrs of slaughter |
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causes of ante/perimortem bruising
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rough handling before transport
rough handling when shackling pinned between crates and modules some diseases (aflotoxin, toxaemia, septicemia) |
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differentiate between a healing bruise and a fresh bruise
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healing bruises are green/yellow tinged
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action taken for ascites
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total rejection
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describe ascites
lesion |
distension of abdomen prior to evisceration
abdomen filled with yellowish gelatinous fluid often slightly smaller compared to flockmates |
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causes of ascites
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fast growing breed
heart failure > high venous pressure > leaky vessels related to inadequate ventilation or cold temperatures in house |
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action to be taken for air sacculitis
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total rejection
- other conditions observed - acute lesions partial rejection - chronic lesion = affected parts removed |
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describe air sacculitis
lesion |
inlfammation of the air sacs
yellowish caseous exudate in the air sacs often with peritonitis or perihepatitis often lesions in trachea and bronchi |
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causes of air saculitis
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mycoplasma and ecoli most frequent
little immune reaction in air sacs predisposed by poor air quality - poor ventilation, high density housing |
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why is air sacculitis an indicator of poor welfare
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indicates poor air quality
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