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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Water free of disease causing agents, and minerals and organic substances that cause adverse affects |
Potable water |
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Constant movement of water above on and below the earths surface |
Hydrogeologic cycle |
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Water open to the atmosphere and subject to surface runoff |
Surface Water |
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Water in the zone of saturation |
Groundwater |
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How much of the earths water is freshwater? |
1-3% |
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How much of earths fresh water is in ice, glaciers or underground? |
99% |
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How much of earths fresh water is at surface level? |
.01% |
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The top border of the saturated zone |
Water Table |
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SDWA |
Safe Drinking Water Act |
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Has 15 service connections or regularly serves 25 individuals (in general) |
PWS - Public Water System |
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15 connections, serves at least 25 of the same individuals for at least 6 months |
NTCWS - Non Transient Community Water System |
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Percentage of diseases related to inadequate water or sanitation? |
80% |
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Public water system that provides water to transient population at least 60 days a year |
TNCWS - Transient Non Community Water System |
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Slow, low filtration rate system used withought coagulation pretreatment. Effective against giardia |
Slow Sand Filter |
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Rapid filtration through media bed, require pretreament by chemical coagulation |
Rapid Sand filter |
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Powder like material used as filter in thin membranes, supplemented with chlorination |
DE (Diatomaceous Earth) Filter |
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What method cannot be used to prevent backsiphonage? |
Hydrostatic Loops |
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How long should water be run before a coliform sample is taken? |
2-3 minutes |
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Process of combining small particles with a chemical (Alums) to promote aggregation |
Coagulation |
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Process of mixing that creates even larger particles/flocs |
Flocculation |
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Gravity settling of particles |
Sedimentation |
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Bubbles attach to particles that float to the surface |
Floatation |
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Most common type of filters used in potable water treatment |
Granular Media Filters |
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USed to determine water system reliability, and evaluate actual and potential sources of contamination |
Sanitary Survey |
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Created enforcable limits for contaminates with chronic and acute health risks in drinking water |
1974 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) |
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Contaminants with Acute Health risks |
Coliform (microbiological) + Nitrates |
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Contaminants with Chronic Health Risks |
VOCs, IOCs, SOCs, Radionuclides |
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Post product of Chlorine |
Trihalomethanes |
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Indicator for potability, or deterioration of system |
Coliform Bacteria |
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Maximum average positive coliform for water system |
1 positive sample per month out of 40 |
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Measures light scattered by particles in water |
Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) |
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Most widely used unit for turbidity |
Formazin Turbidity Unit (FTU) |
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Water MCl for Arsenic |
10ppb |
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what type of health effects are caused by viruses, bacteria, nitrates, and parasites? |
Acute |
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Poliovirus, Echovirus, Hand foot & mouth (coxacie) |
Waterborne Enteroviruses |
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Waterborne rotavirus, most common cause of severe childhood diarrhea |
Human Rotavirus - HRV |
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Waterborne Roatvirus, has low infective dose, low occurence of waterborne illness |
Norwalk Virus |
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Vaccine preventable waterborne virus, also transmissible through foods (mollusks) |
Hepatitis A |
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Most effective treatmet for waterborne viruses |
Ozone |
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Waterborne Bacteria, causes swimmers itch, thermophilic |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
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Waterborne bacteria, causes transmission through droplet inhalation |
Legionella pneumonphilia |
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Waterborne bacteria, found in sewage contaminated waters, causes typhoid fever. Also found in shellfish |
Salmonella typhii |
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Waterborne bacteria, #1 cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, travelers diarrhea |
Camplobacter jejuni |
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Waterborne bacteria, Causes bacilliary dysentery |
Shigella sonnei & flexneri |
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Waterborne bacteria, causes epidemic cholera (John Snow knows something about this) |
Vibrio cholera |
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Waterborne bacteria, produces toxin, causes bloody diarrhea, and is also found in raw and undercooked ground beef |
E Coli 0157:H7 |
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Protozoa, requires 1 micron filtration, forms chlorine resistant cysts, found in beavers and muskrats |
Giardia lamblia |
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Protozoa, causes diarrheal disease, highly chlorine resistant cysts, require 1 um filtration, found in cattle, humans, and pets |
Cryptosporidium parvum |
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Causes Primary amoebic menengoencephalitis, prefers warm shallow waters, enters through nose |
Naegleria fowleri |
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Causes amoebiasis, transmitted through food + water, also a cause of travelers diarrhea |
Entamoeba histolytica |
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Found commonly in kids, transmitted by cats, flu like symptoms |
Toxoplasma gondii |
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Guinea worm infection, prevented by proper filtration |
Dracunculus medinensis |
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Causes swimmers itch, from dying underneath skin, prefers lakes & salt water, contaminated water is treated by copper sulfate |
Schistosoma spp |
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Blood Fluke, causes snail fever |
Schistosoma mansoni |
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Large roundworm, found from ingesting contaminated soil or produce |
Ascaris lumbricoides |
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Causes methemoglenimia in infants, treated by methylene blue. Cannot be filtered, but can be removed by ion exchange |
Nitrate |
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MCL for Nitrate for adults and infants |
10ppm, 1 ppm |
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Volitale Organic chemicals used as industrial and chemical solvents. |
Benzene &Toluene |
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Inorganic chemical, carcinogen, caused delayed mental development in children. |
Lead
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Inorganic chemical, linked to kidney damage. Found in galvanized metals and pesticides. Cannot be removed by reverse osmosis |
Cadmium
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Inorganic chemical, causes mottled teeth and bones. can be lowered by coagulation, lime softening and ion exchange |
Flouride
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Inorganic chemical, removed by filtration, coagulation or ion exchange |
Arsenic |
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Comprised of pesticides, these are man made chemicals |
SOCs |
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Emit alpha or beta radiation |
Radionuclides |
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Causes odor, fatal in concentrations at or above 300ppm. Removed by activated carbon and aeration |
Hydrogen sulfide |
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interferes with taste and staining |
manganese and iron |
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causes issues with water hardness |
calcium and manganese |
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plaque causing bacteria, adds iron flavor to water and deposits |
cenothrix |
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Septic tanks, livestock, and leach fields must be X feet away from a new well? |
50 feet |
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Septic field, dist box, petrol tanks, manure and outhouses must be X feet away from a new well |
100 feet |
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10-35 feet deep, sealed with concrete or clay, most vulnerable type of well |
Dug Well |
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100-400 ft deep, casing extends 6' into rock, most secure well |
Deep (Drilled) well |
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Best source of water volume |
sedimentary rock |
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Poor source of water volume |
Igneous and metamorphic |
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Fast moving water through carbonate/lime caves. |
Karst Formations |
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surface and subsurface area arounf a water well or wellfield. |
Wellhead area |
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Abandone wells must be sealed with : |
Bentonite clay and concrete |
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Store water from rainwater sources, should be chlorinated to 5ppm |
Cisterns |
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How can corrosive water be treated? |
with limestone filters or soda ash |
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A chlorinator should have X mg/l free chlorine with Y contact time. |
2mg/l 30 min |
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What is plain sedimentation? |
Settling of water, as in a reservoir or basin
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in sedimentation detention, 80-90% virus removal can be expected in X days. |
10-30 days |
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What happens to water when aluminum sulfate is added? |
Particulate forms a flocculent mass and settles out of suspension |
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Test used to determine dosage of chemicals for coagulation |
Jar Test |
