Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is a plumb line? |
Passes through the earlobe, cervical vertebra, tip of shoulder, mid thorax, lumbar vertebrae, slightly posterior to hip, anterior to knee and lateral malleolus |
|
|
What is Ideal Posture |
Positionin which minimal stress is applied to each joint Minimalmuscle activity is required to maintain |
|
|
What is Faulty Posutre |
Staticposition that increases stress to the joints and soft tissues; |
|
|
Good Posutre |
Thatstate of muscular and skeletal balance which protects the supporting structuresof the body against injury or progressive deformity regardless of position
|
|
|
Poor Posutre |
Afaulty relationship of the various parts of the body which produces increasedstrain on the supporting structures and in which there is less efficientbalance of the body over its base of support
|
|
|
What are the Four types of poasture |
Ideal Kyphotic Flat back Sway back |
|
|
What factors affect posture |
Structural -Changein bone Postural(Positional) •Habit •MuscleImbalance •Tonicvs. Phasic•Pain •RespiratoryConditions •Excessweight •NeurogenicInput/Output •GeneralWeakness |
|
|
How can structural posture be alleviated? |
Not easy with surgery May have relief with proper postural care instruction and external devices |
|
|
How can positional posture be alleviated |
Patient education Strengthen weak muscles and/or tretch tight muscles |
|
|
What is the postural control system?
|
Mechanism y which the body maintains balance and equilibrium Vestibular Visual Somatosensory |
|
|
Postural vs Phasic muscles? |
Postural(or tonic): respond to dysfunction by tightening Phasic:respond to dysfunction by weakening In every ago/antagonist relationship one muscle is postural and other is phasic |
|
|
What is the intent of treatment for muscles |
-Normalize function of all structures
-Improve muscle balance focus on flexibility and coordination first, then endurance and strengthening -Improve motor control through the use of balance activities |
|
|
Describe Tonic Muscles |
Postural muscles - 2 joint muscles
Higher tendency to become tight, hypertonic, shortened or contractures Resistance to atrophy Associated with flexor reflexes |
|
|
Describe Phasic Muscles |
Suitted to movement - 1 joint muscles Tendency to hypotonia Fatigue easily Associated with extensor reflexes |
|
|
Prone to tightness upper quater |
Suboccipital
Upper traps Levator Scap Pec Maj/Min |
|
|
Prone to Weakness Upper Quater |
Ant Cervical Musculature - deep cervical flexors
Latissimus Dorsi Mid/Lower traps Rhomboids Supra/Infraspinatus Serratus Ant |
|
|
Prone to tightness Lower Quater |
Erector Spinae
Piriformis Iliopsoas TFL Hamstrings Hip Adductors Gastroc Tib Pos |
|
|
Prone to weakness lower quater
|
Rectus Abdominus
External Oblique Gluteus Max Vastus Medialis/Lateralis Gluteaus Medius/minimus Tib Ant Fibularis Muscles |
|
|
What is Pelvic crossed Syndrome? |
Overstretch at the hips/ low back pain and T/L junction
Causes imbalance between Tight 1 joint hip flexors, back extensors AND Weak hip extensors and abdominals |
|
|
What does pelvic crossed syndrome lead to?
|
Increased ant pelvic tilt and increased spinal curves
|
|
|
What causes the increased ant pelvic tilt and increased spinal curves
|
Imbalance between iliopsoas and G, Max
-lower lumbar hyperlordosis Imbalance between Erector Spinae and Abdominals -Compensated T-spine Kyphosis Exaggerated forward head posture (up to T4) - shoulders pushed back |
|
|
Normal Facet vs Lordosis facet
|
N: Facets free to glide secondary to parallel orientation
L: Uneven pressure which may be precursor for development of degeneration Causing irritation and pain leading to dec motion |
|
|
Lordosis and Hyperextension of the hip joint
|
Critical even of the gait cycle
If hip flexors are tight, ROM is decreased and exaggerated lumbar lordosis occurs as compensation |
|
|
Biomechanics of Proximal/distal stability |
Need Proximal stability to movedistal component (i.e. hip stability tomove LE). If movement lever is changedfrom hip jt. toL5S1, the fixed (proximal) point is nowthe T/L junction.
|
|
|
What is front plane Postural syndome? |
Weak Glut Med/Min Evident in a single leg stance TFL-ITB recruited due to dec lat stability Incr lateral shift on side of weak G. Med |
|
|
What Is Upper Crossed Syndrome |
Overstress at O-A joint, C4/5 and T4 Weakness of deep cervical flexors, scalenes, and lower scap Tight UTrap, LS, SCM and pecs |
|
|
Type A Upper crossed syndrom |
Hyperlordosios in upper cx segmentsHyperkyphosis in lower cx segmentsTransitory vertebra is C4-C5 Flexion occurs as low as T4 |
|
|
Type B Upper crossed syndrome |
Hyperlordosios ofall cx segments to T4Overstress at Occiput-C1 Peak at C5 |
|
|
What is Layer Syndrome |
Combination of U and L crossed syndromes Impairment of CNS motor regulation and accompanied by poor movement patterns Weak Abdominals causing poor stability in L/S area Layers of Hyper- and Hypotonic muscles |
|
|
What are common spinal deformities leading to lordosis |
1.Structuraldeformity 2.MuscleImbalance (Table 15-1) 3.Heavyabdomen (excess weight, pregnancy) 4.Compensatory(kyphosis/lordosis) 5.Functionala.Fashion(high heels) |
|
|
What is pathological lordosis |
Often associated with sagging shoulders, medial rotation of the legs, forward head adapted to keep COG over BOS Pelvic angle of 40deg |
|
|
Musculature changes with pathological lordosis |
Accompaniedby anterior pelvic tilt, tightness of deep lumbar extensors, tightness of hipflexors and TFL, combined with weak abdominals |
|
|
Describe Swayback |
Pelvic angle less than 40deg - thoracolumbar kyphosis Pelvis shifts anteriorly COG maintained through thoracic spine flexes on lumbar spine |
|
|
Musculature associated with Swayback |
•tighthip extensors, lower lumbar extensors, and upper abs •weakhip flexors, lower abdominals, and lower thoracic extensors |
|
|
What are the 4 types of Kyphosis |
Round Back Humpback Flat Back Dowagers Hump |
|
|
Describe Round Back |
Long, rounded curve with decreased pelvic inclination <30deg and thoracolumbar kyphosis Tight hip extensors and trunk flexors Weak hip flexors and lumbar extensors |
|
|
Describe Humpback |
Localized sharp, posterior angulation in the thoracic spine Commonly a structural deformity as a result of fracture or pathology |
|
|
Describe Flat back |
Decreased pelvic inclination Mobile lumbar segment |
|
|
Describe dowagers hump |
Often in older women Commonly caused by osteoporosis T/S bodies wedge anteriorly |
|
|
What are causes of kypholordotic posture? |
Poor postural sense Muscle imbalance -Tight hip flexors -Weak hip extensors or trunk flexors |
|
|
Adverse effects of Kypholordotic posture? |
Anterior Pelvic tilt Hip joint flexion Inc Lumbar lordosis Inc Thoracic Kyphosis |
|
|
Describe Scoliosis |
Structural: Bony deformity or excessive muscle weakness Idiopathic: 75-85% of structural scoliosis -Vertebral bodies rotate into convexity -Vital capacity is lowered if the curve exceeds 60% |
|
|
Describe structural sccoliosis |
Bony deformity Pt lacks normal flexibility and lateral flexion is asymmetrical Curve does not disappear on forward flexion Progressive |
|
|
Describe Nonstructual Scoliosis |
Caused by postural problems, nereve root irritation, inflammation, or compensation caused by LLD or contracture Lateral flexion is usually symmetrical Curve disappears on forward flexion |
|
|
What is the Adams Forward Bend test |
Standing with hands held in front Pt bends forward sliding hands down the front of each leg Positive: Asymmetrical hump along TL spine -One shoulder blade appears more prominent |
|
|
Scoliosis Diagnosis |
Xray - normal spine 0 deg, scoliosis > 10 Complications - lung and heart damage due to compression of rib cage at > 70 Back problems |
|
|
Describe an Ectomorph |
Slinder/thin build/ low body weight Small, flat joint surfaces Minimal muscle bulk Increased Joint mobility Decreased Joint Stability |
|
|
Describe a Mesomorph |
Medium, athletic build, average body weight Medium joint surfaces Medium muscle build Joint Mobility within normal limits Joint Stability within normal limits |
|
|
Describe an Endomorph |
Short, stocky build, high body weight Large concave/convex joint surfaces Thick muscle mass Decreased Joint Mobility Increased Joint Stability |
