Positive Psychology 2

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skill underlying differential performance of some task for which there is an objective standard

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ability

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proposition that people enjoy doing what they do well

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Aristotelian Principle

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evaluation of an individual's abilities obtained in the course of his or her everyday activities

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assessment in context

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motive to do things well

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competence

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presumably, general factor common to all instances of skilled performance

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general intelligence (g)

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person whose actual accomplishments exert a profound influence on contemporary and subsequent generations

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genius

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topic or activity pursued with passion

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interest

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questionnaires that attempt to match people to appropriate occupations by comparing their interests to those apt to be satisfied by a particular job

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interest inventory

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culture that develops around a shared leisure activity

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leisure world

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theory that there are a number of basic and distinct forms of intelligence

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multiple intelligences

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individual eminent in more than one field, which require arguably different skills

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polymath

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presumably, specific factor that influences skilled performance at one task but not necessarily others

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specific intelligence (s)

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idea that people who make important contributions to a particular field have usually devoted a full decade to the mastery of necessary knowledge and skills

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10-year rule

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idea that people who make important contributions to a particular field have usually put in 12-hour days, 7 days a week, for years

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12-7 rule

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attraction to a field marked by a deep intellectual and emotional involvement

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well-developed individual interest

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field that expands traditional medical approaches to include the psychological context of health and illness

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behavioral medicine

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unconscious strategy that people use to protect themselves against threat

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defense mechanism

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reaction to stress that entails changing one's emotional reaction

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emotion-focused coping

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ability to find meaning and challenge in the demands of life

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hardiness

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field that applies psychological theories and research to physical well-being

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health psychology

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cells throughout the body that fight off infection by recognizing foreign material and combating it

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immune system

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philosophical stance that minds and bodies are altogether separate

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mind-body dualism

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reaction to stress that entails meeting the stressful event head on and removing its effects

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problem-focused coping

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field that studies the relationships among psychological, neurological, and immunological factors

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psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

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periods of life characterized by specific social milestones to be achieved

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psychosocial stages

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quality that enables people to thrive in the face of adversity

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resiliency

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broad state of health, including physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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wellness

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deliberate interventions to promote health

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wellness promotion

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relationship resulting from desire to be associated with some other person whose specific identity is unimportant

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affiliation

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theory proposing that close relationships persist because of the feelings that both people have for one another

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attachment theory

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relationship marked by unshakable affection shared by those whose lives have become intertwined

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companionate love

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approach for troubled couples based on attachment theory that directly teaches a more-flexible approach to the expression and satisfaction of needs

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emotionally focused couples therapy

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theory proposing that close relationships persist to the degree that both people involved believe that what they are getting out of the relationship is proportional to what they are putting into it

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equity theory

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relationship marked by liking, a mutual perception of similarity, and expectations of reciprocity and parity

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friendship

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tendency of the young of some species, like ducklings, to follow and become attached to the first moving object they see

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imprinting

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things that people give to and receive from one another

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interpersonal resources

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relationship marked by reciprocated exclusiveness, absorption, predisposition to help, and interdependence

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love

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hormone-like substance released in the brain in response to social contact, especially skin-to-skin touch

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oxytocin

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relationship marked by extreme absorption and dramatic mood swings, from ecstasy to anguish

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passionate love

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how others help us to cope with stressful events

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social support

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laboratory procedure for assessing the attachment style of a child by briefly separating the child from the mother

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Strange Situation Test

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assembly of individuals physically in the same place

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aggregation

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childrearing style that is firm, punitive, and emotionally cold, giving children little independence or voice

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authoritarian parenting

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childrearing style that involves negotiating with children, setting limits but explaining why

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authoritative parenting

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any social category of two or more individuals who can be discussed as a whole

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collectivity

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religion as a means to other ends

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extrinsic religiosity

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set of interacting individuals who mutually influence each other

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group

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set of like organizations with especially sustained and pervasive influences within a society

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institution

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moral characteristics of the group as a whole

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institutional-level virtues

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religion as an end in itself

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intrinsic religiosity

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enduring and structured group

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organization

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childrearing style that is loving but lax, giving children freedom but little guidance

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permissive parenting

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traditional (religion-based) ways of experiencing the sacred and transcendent

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religiosity

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ever-expanding term that includes religious experience but also one's compassionate experience of nature or humanity

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spirituality

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opportunity + interest + ability + instruction and practice sustained over years in a context that recognizes purpose and efficacy

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Accomplishment =

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Students who view their intelligence as an unchangeable internal characteristic

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Dweck's entity theory

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Students who believe that their intelligence is malleable and can be increased through effort

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Dweck's incremental theory