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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chapter 16: Tom Nast’s Cartoons of Boss Tweed
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- In return for support of Tammany Hall, they would give kickbacks to the supporters.
-Nast was a protestant republican who had strong distaste for Tweed, which is why he felt obligated to make such cartoons portraying Tweed and his cronies. - Pictures were important because many readers couldnt read and only looked at pictures. -Nast was bribed many times but refused and ended with Tweed being arrested in Spain because someone recognized him though the cartoons Nast drew. |
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Chapter 23
Robert LaFollette’s “Peril in the Machine” Speech |
- LaFollette demonstrated how caucuses and conventions tended to lend themselves to manipulation
- Lined a system by which nation, state, and local political parties could nominate candidates through primary general elections. - Advocated against National and State level conventions to twart political machines and for primaries that restored democracy |
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William Riordans “The Strenuous Life of the Tammany District Leader.”
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- William Riordans wrote for the Evening Post
- Followed Party Boss William Plunkitt for 4 Years - Discusses the Average day in the life of a party boss - Depicts a competitive party election between Plunkitt and Foley, where they are seen to battle on every single issue from wedding gifts to funeral arrangements. |
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McGovern-Fraser Commission Report
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A committee selected to evaluate the party's presidential selection process and make recommendations for reform.
- Came after a controversial election of Democratic Presidential nominee Hubert Humphrey who had little popular support and large political boss support - Report outlined 1) The rules and procedures of the national Democratic Party should take precedence over state and local party rules and procedures 2) The selection of delegates t the convention should fall to party activists and candidates rather than to state and local party officials |
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Voter Registration
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No more proxy voting- must be present to vote.
Abolish the unit rule (that states can cast unanimous single vote) Clear purpose of what each candidate will be doing (delegate, alternate, ect.) |
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Apportionment
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Democratic delegates must agree with Presidential Election
-This prevents party chairs from giving credit to where they are from. Need to reward Democratic Party efforts. Point was to get more people to participate and to vote- get word out there about the parties, and get people involved in the primaries. Breaks down barriers. |
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The Publicity Act of 1910
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Enacted public disclosure of financial spending by political parties
Also limited spending and made it for House general elections as well. Required financial reports made quarterly and extended restrictions to multi-state parties and election committees. PROBLEM: still no mechanism to enforce this act. Republicans stood against these bills because money was a huge source for them in winning elections. Democrats were for it because they generally did not have as much money. |
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Mark Hanna
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governor of Ohio in charge of McKinley’s campaign- told McKinley to use posters, pins, buttons, marches to campaign. Where do you get the money for these things? Corporations and Businesses. WJB stood strongly against corporations and big business.
Feeds into the idea that you can buy Presidency. Americans don’t like that ideal. |
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Hatch Act “An Act to Prevent Pernicious Political Activities” 1939
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– Eliminating patronage, and federal employees involvement in partisan politics.
Number of govt employees rises noticeably in the 1930 bc of the New Deal- makes these employees very supportive of Roosevelt and the Democrats. Roosevelt created a financial base and a support base- which would keep the Democrats in power for years to come. |
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The Tillman Act 1907
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Forbid corporations and nationally charterd banks from directly giving money to federal candidates.
- However, law was ineffective because there was no mechanism to control or regulate the act |
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Ch 50 The Price-Herman Commission Report
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A Congressional commission in charge of examining the presidential primary and caucus schedule and recommending changes for the 2008 nomination.
- Commission recommended that Iowa and New Hampshire caucuses remain before Feb 5th - Also added two other states (Nevada and S.Carolina) to gain more regional representation to hold their primaries before Feb. 5th - Florida and Michigan scheduled theirs before Feb 5th but later lost their delegates. |
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Ch. 27 The Publicity Act of 1910
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- Political parties operating in two or more states had to report all campaign contributions and expenditures made in behalf of candidates for the House of Representatives.
- Amendments 1) Both Senate and House Candidates 2) Both primary and general elections 3) Before and After election 4) House - 5,000 Senate 10,000 |
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Hatch Act “An Act to Prevent Pernicious Political Activities” 1939
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- Prohibited federal employees not already covered under the Pendleton Act from engaging in partisan political activities.
- Prohibited the use of intimidation or bribery to influence voters and barred the use of federal finds designated for public works for electoral purposes. |
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Ch. 35 James Rowe’s Memorandum to Harry Truman (1947)
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The 1948 Democratic Party Presidential campaign strategy
- Asked for Truman to run as a Progressive Liberal - Gov. Dewey would be the Rep. Candidate - Pres. Truman will be elected if the Administration concentrated on the traditional Democratic alliance between the South and the West - Henry Wallace will be the third party candidate - Independents and Progressive were key voters - |
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Monday Night Group
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Democrats who were either part of or close to the Truman administration.
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Ch. 36 The First Kennedy-Nixon Debate (1960)
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- The first ever debate between Democratic and Republican parties and televised.
- Marked the first time voters saw candidates in the same stage. - Established TV as a influence in elections - Was a tie in terms of politics and policies, BUT Kennedy won because he looked more health and vibrant |
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Ch. 37 Baker v. Carr (1962)
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- a Plan to reapportionment congressional districts every 10 years
- Some dissenting judges believed that the majority voted judges failed to practice judicial restraint, historical precedence, and separation of powers. |
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Ch. 41 Buckley v. Valeo
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Federal Elections Campaign Act passed in 1971- most comprehensive of laws dealing with money in the role of elections.
Watergate had a huge impact on implementation of FECA, as well as the Nixon campaign and the amount of money that was spent. Buckley v. Valeo amended the FECA - Tougher limits on contributions - Spending limits on advertising were replaced with overall spending limits ($1000 per election) - Disclosure requirements were strengthened- not just after an election- now every three months - Created the Federal Election Commission (FEC) to administer and endorse deferral campaign finance laws No limit was placed on voter registration, get-out-the-vote events, and other volunteer materials (buttons, bumper stickers, posters, brochures) Purpose of this was to encourage grassroots activities at the state and local level instead of focusing political advertising on the broadcast media. |
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Soft money
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Money raised and used for party-related activities (no spending limits on soft money)
- Money is funnelled to the local parties --> National Parties --> Candidates |
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Russ Feingold’s Speech Supporting the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act and Mitch McConnell’s Speech Opposing the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
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- Also know as the McCain-Feingold Act
- FECA threatens the legitimacy of the legislative branch. It is not only the corruption, but that it doesn’t look good to have these large sums of money that are not accounted for. BCRA Act ends “soft money” - Mitch McConnell- “you can’t have corruption unless someone is corrupt” wants to know who in Congress is corrupt? Thinks they are trying to pass a law that deals with a problem that doesn’t exist. More we talk about corruption, more American people begin to believe that there is corruption. - Feingold says you can make independent expenditures but not within 30-60 days before the election., EXCEPT for the press. McConnell thinks this is not right. |
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Citizens United vs. FEC (Federal Election Commission) 2010
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Limits on corporate spending
Ruled that Congress cannot limit expenditures or ban corporations from spending money on campaigns. Extends “freedom of speech” to corporations (non-persons) |
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Ch. 42- Birch Bayh’s Resolution to Amend the Constitution to Provide for Direct Popular Election of the President (1977)
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Wants to amend constitution
Eliminate the electoral college, and call everyone in the state “electors” Have to get majority of the vote and be equal to or more than 40% of the votes. Then it will go to a run-off election |
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Unit Rule
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By law or by political affiliation electors must vote for candidates who win the popular vote within the state.
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The Contract with America (1994)
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The 1994 Republican party agenda drafted so that voters had a clear concise policy agenda that could easily get passed.
Items that were passed - Presidential Line item veto - Make Congress accountable - Prohibit unfunded mandates to States Drafted 10 broad principles |
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Bush v Gore
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Only third time that a Presidential candidate lost popular vote and still won the Presidency
- Supreme Court ordered that the Florida Supreme Court's order to recount the votes was unconstitutional and impossible to issue a proper recount in the time Florida law allowed |
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Help America Vote Act 2000
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Goals - replacement of punch-card voting systems, establishment of minimum election administration standards, and the creation of Election Assistance Commission to assist in the adminstration of federal elections.
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Theodore Roosevelt’s “Confession of Faith Speech”
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Teddy lost Republican party nominee to Taft and ran under his own Progressive/Bull Moose Party
- Got shot in the chest and still did the speech - Advocated for 1) To be trustee, to trust in candidates to carry out the public's wishes and for voters to hold the candidates responsible for the policies they want 2) If candidates are unable to carry out public policies then they should get out Reform - National law for Presidential primaries - Popular vote for Senate - Short ballots |
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Ch. 48 Colorado Amendment 36, Allocating Presidential Electors Proportionally
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Colorado uses the unit rule (meaning the most popular votes in the state wins all of the state’s presidential electors). Amendment 36 would have allocated electors based on the proportion of the vote in the state. Giving one less vote to a candidate receiving more than nine votes, and one more electoral vote to a candidate receiving less than nine votes. Colorado voted NO on the Amendment because it took away from the states say in the election. Advocates for the Amendment thought it would end the disenfranchisment of the winner-take-all elections.
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The New Contract for America cont.
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The Personal Responsibility Act: To discourage teen and illegitimate pregnancy by prohibiting welfare to minor mothers, and to cut spending on welfare programs.
The American Dream Restoration Act: A 500 dollar per child tax credit and creation of American Dream Savings Accounts to provide middle class tax relief. The Job Creation and Wage Enhancement Act: small business incentives, capital gains cut, mandate reforms to create jobs and increase wages. |
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Memo of Understanding Regarding the Presidential Debates between George W. Bush and John Kerry
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- Includes details on location, time, sponsorship. Debate topics, participants. Moderators, and rules applicable to all debatees (time constraints, ect).
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First Question asked about Party Identification?
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Generally speaking do you consider yourself a Democrat, Republican, or Independent?
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Realignment & The V.O. Key
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Realignment - Changing political parties
- According to V.O Key change in political parties is based on classes or ethnicity. Shift in the political parties and how they were originally aligned. |
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Critical Elections:
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we can identify certain elections which are critical to party’s realignment.
Example: The New Deal. Election of Roosevelt was a major shift of voters. Saw Republicans shift party loyalties, Democrats became stronger, those without party began to affiliate with Democrats. Attribute recovery from Great Depression to FDR and the New Deal. Huge Democratic following. |
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Secular realignments
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gradual change in voter coalitions, there will be a movement, but it may take time.
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Burnham’s Conditions for Realignment
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1. Third Party revolt- surge of a different coalition of voters.
2. Sharp reorganization of the coalitions 3. Abnormal Stress in the socioeconomic system 4. Ideological polarizations and issue distances between the major parties 5. Realignments have durable consequences and determine the general outlines of important policies in the decades to follow |
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Smith vs. Allwright (Texas)
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- Democrats argue that they have the right to a private political organization
- Texas ruled that they only wanted whites to be able to run under their Democratic ticket. Texas argues this by the fact that they are a private organization. This is deemed unconstitutional because you can not base things off of race |
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Tashjian vs. Republican Party of Connectricut
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Permits independent voters -- registered voters not affiliated with any party -- to vote in Republican primaries for federal and statewide offices.
- Scalia says that, primary voting isn’t an example of freedom of association it is a casual association. |
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1986 case: GOP Connecticut
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Wanted to let unaffiliated parties participate in their primaries. THE GOP wanted an open primary but the democrats control the legislature and to make it be an open primary would limit their control. The Supreme court rules in favor of the GOP and believes that the state ought to be able to rule for themselves
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Party et. al. v Jones (Blanket Primary)-2000
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Everyone can vote in Primary
California argues that they are an organization and that they should be able to choose who is a member and who is not and if everyone votes then they are not members of that party. The supreme court ruled with the Democrats. California settled for a semi-closed model which made voters have to become affiliated the Sunday prior to election. |
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Three Reasons the US only has two major political parties
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Institutional Barriers- a two party system is encouraged and therefore maintained
Some of these barriers: - Electoral College- harder for a third party to gain all 271 electoral college votes - Every state has rules in regard to how you get on the ballot- this requires a pretty high level of organized support. Also, in all but two states (Maine and Nebraska) it’s winner take all within the state. It’s difficult for a third party within a state to capture all of the electoral college votes. It’s very unlikely for a Democrat or Republican to choose a third party candidate over their own. - State Legislatures- Dominated by the two political parties. - Single-Member District Elections- one person will win election for the district, coming in second or third means absolutely nothing - Executive-centered American polity system- voters don’t want to “waste their vote” - FECA- candidate doesn’t get anywhere as much as the major parties. 2) American Political Culture I. Adherence to peaceful resolution to conflicts- American Democratic system is considered very stable II. Acceptance of compromise and incremental change III. A strong endorsement of the national’s governing framework 3. The Momentum of History “Human institutions have an impressive capacity to perpetuate themselves or at least to preserve their form. The circumstances that happened to mold the American party system into a dual form at its inception must bear a degree of responsibility for its present existence. |
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Hamiltonian Nationalism
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American parties rest on his way of thinking!
- Party elites at the state and national levels control the inner working of their respective parties - Community-based party organizations and grassroots activism are directed toward winning elections and party innovation is sluggish |
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Jeffersonian Localism
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Centered around deep-seated policy concerns is a powerful and recurring counter-force
- Power rested in the common man - Wanted small national government - Strong State Government |
