Porth Ch 20

Front 1

consciousness

Back 1

•Confusionis a loss of orientation (not knowing where, when, who and what you are), oftencombined with a loss of memory.•Deliriumis mild form of altered mental status in which the patient has inattention andreduced wakefulness.•Obtundationis a state similar to lethargy in which the patient has a lessened interest inthe environment, slowed responses to stimulation, and tends to sleep more thannormal with drowsiness in between sleep states.•Stupormeans that only vigorous and repeated stimuli will arouse the individual, andwhen left undisturbed, the patient will immediately lapse back to theunresponsive state.•Comais a state of unarousableunresponsiveness.

Front 2

brain death

Back 2

•Cause and irreversibility of thecondition••Absence of brain stem reflexes and motorresponses to pain••Absence of respiration with a PCO2 of 60 mm Hg or more••The justification for use of confirmatorytests and their results

Front 3

veg state

Back 3

•Absence of awareness of self andenvironment •An inability to interact with others•Absence of sustained or reproduciblevoluntary behavioral responses•Lack of language comprehension•Hypothalamic and brain stem function tomaintain life

Front 4

brain herniation cingulate

Back 4

•Cingulate–Involvescerebral artery–Clinicalsign: leg weakness

Front 5

brain herniation •Central Transtentorial

Back 5

–Involvesthe reticular activating system and corticospinaltract –Clinicalsigns: altered level of consciousness, decorticate posturing, rostral–caudaldeterioration

Front 6

types of hydrocephalus:communicating

Back 6

decreased absorption of cfs

Front 7

•VasogenicEdema

Back 7

–Occurs with conditions that impair thefunction of the blood–brain barrier and that allow transfer ofwater and protein from the vascular into the interstitial space

Front 8

•Interstitial Cerebral Edema

Back 8

–Edema of the central white matteras in hydrocephalus affecting the brain

Front 9

Coup

Back 9

•Coup—direct contusion of the brain at thesite of external force

Front 10

Contrecoup

Back 10

•Contrecoup—reboundinjury on the opposite side of the brain

Front 11

conscusion

Back 11

•Concussion refers to “animmediate and transient loss of consciousness accompanied by a brief period ofamnesia after a blow to the head.”

Front 12

epidural hematoma

Back 12

•Epidural Hematoma–Usually caused by head injury inwhich the skull is fractured–Develops between the inner table ofthe bones of the skull and the dura

Front 13

•Ischemic Strokes

Back 13

–Caused by an interruption of bloodflow in a cerebral vessel and are the most common type of strokes, accountingfor 70% to 80% of all strokes.

Front 14

•Hemorrhagic Strokes

Back 14

–Caused by bleeding into braintissue usually from a blood vessel rupture caused by hypertension, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, head injury, or blood dyscrasias