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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does water travel through a sponge? |
Collar cells circulate water inside the sponge with their flagella which pull water through the incurrent pore. Water then travels out the osculum at the top of the sponge. |
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Pororcytes |
Cells around the pores of a sponge. |
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Epithelial cells |
Flat cells on the outer layer of the sponge (epidermis). |
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Choanocytes |
Cells on the inner layer of a sponge (gastrodermis). They circulate water through the sponge with their flagella. |
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Amebocytes |
Found in mesohyl of a sponge. They travel around the sponge transporting nutrients and oxygen to the cells of the sponge. |
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Spongin/Spicules |
Protein fibres that support the sponge. |
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How does a collar cell trap and digest food? |
Phagocytosis |
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Budding (sponges) |
An asexual form of reproduction where a new sponge grows off of an old one and eventually breaks off |
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Regeneration (sponges) |
Missing body parts are regrown. |
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Gemmules |
A group of amebocytes covered by a hard outer covering that are released from the osculum after an adult sponge dies. They eventually grow into an adult sponge. |
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How do sponges reproduce sexually? |
One sponge releases a sperm. It travels to another sponge and fertilizes its eggs. The larva form and swim to another location using flagella where it will grow into an adult sponge. Sponges are hermaphrodites. |
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What are the 3 classes of cnidarians? Give examples of each. |
Hydrozoa: Usually polyp. Ex: hydra, vellela vellela, Portuguese man of war. Scyphozoa: Usually medusa. Ex: moonjelly fish, lion's mane. Anthozoa: Only polyp. Ex: sea anemone, corals. |
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General characteristics of cnidarians. |
Mostly marine animals (some freshwater). Radial symmetry. Soft body with stinging tentacles surrounding a central mouth/anus. Epidermis, endoderm, mesoglea, gastrovascular cavity. Cnidocytes with nematocysts. |
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Feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement, and reproduction of cnidarians. |
Food enters the mouth and is digested in the gastrovascular cavity. Respiration, circulation, and excretion are all done by diffusion. They have a hydrostatic skeleton (nerve net) and primitive muscles. Reproduce by budding, or sexual reproduction. |
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Describe the life cycle of a jellyfish. |
Eggs and sperm combine to make a zygote. It becomes a free swimming plannula. It feeds in the winter, then settles to the bottom as a polyp. It grows and forms linking tubes with polyp buds (polyp hydroid colony). Buds break off and become new juvenile jellyfish. |
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Name the 3 classes of platyhelminthes and describe them. |
Tubellaria (Planarians): Free living marine/freshwater bottom dwellers. Trematoda (Flukes): Parasitic flatworms that infect the hosts internal organs. Ex: schistosomes Cestoda (Tapeworms): Long, flat, parasitic worms that live inside a hosts intestines. |
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Describe the life cycle of a schistosome. |
They mature and sexually reproduce in the blood vessels of human intestines. They are passed out with feces. If they reach water, embryos develop into swimming larvae that infect an intermediate host (snail). After sexual reproduction, new tailed larvae are released into the water. They infect human by burrowing into their skin. |
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Describe the life cycle of a tapeworm. |
Eggs are fertilized and kept in proglottids. The proglottids burst to release the zygotes which are passed oit with feces. Cows, fishes, or other intermediate hosts consume the eggs which hatch into larvae. They grow and burrow into muscle tissue as cysts. If a human eats undercooked meat with these cysts, the larvae grow into adult worms in their intestines. |
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What is the phylum containing roundworms? |
Nematoda |
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Trichinella |
Causes trichinosis. Humans get the disease by eating raw or undercooked pork. |
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Filarial worms |
Causes elaphantitis. Humans get them from insects like mosquitoes. |
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Ascarid worms |
Causes malnutrition. Humans get it by eating not properly washed vegetables. |
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Hook worms |
Causes weakness and poor growth. They burrow into human bare feet. |
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Pinworms |
Causes severe itching around the anus. Humans get them by not washing hands, inhaling/swallowing eggs, or having them attach to you anus. |
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What are the 3 classes of annelids (segmented worms)? Give examples. |
Oligochaeta (earthworms), hirudinea (leeches), polychaeta (bearded fireworm) |
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How are annelids more advanced on am evolutionary level compared to other worms? |
They have a true coelom (body cavity between the intestinal canal and the body wall). |
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Feeding and digestion - Earthworms |
Pharynx extends out to collect food. Pumps food into esophagus. Moves to the crop where it is stored, then to the gizzard where it is ground up. The food is absorbed in the intestine. Waste passes through the anus. |
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Circulation - Earthworms |
Closed circulatory system. Blood is contained within a network of blood vessels. Two major blood vessels run from head to tail. Dorsal vessel moves blood towards the head, and acts as a heart by contracting rhythmically and pumping blood. The ventral vessel moves blood towards the tail. A pair of smaller blood vessels connect the two main ones in each body segment to supply blood to the organs. |
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Respiration - Earthworms |
Exchange gasses through moist skin. They secrete a protective coating of mucous to keep their skin moist. |
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Excretion - Earthworms |
Digestive waste passes through the anus. Cellular waste containing nitrogen is eliminated by nephridia which are organs that filter fluid in the coelom. |
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Response - Earthworms |
Well developed nervous system. Brain and nerve cords. |
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Movement - Earthworms |
Two major groups of muscles as a part of hydrostatic skeleton. Longitudinal muscles run from the front to the rear and contract to make the worm shorter and fatter. Circular muscles wrap around each body segment and contract to make the worm longer and thinner. |
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Reproduction - Earthworms |
Hermaphrodites. Attach to each other, exchange sperm, and store sperm in special sacs. Clitellum secretes a mucous ring into which sperm and eggs are released. They fertilize. The ring slips off and acts as a cocoon. Eggs hatch weeks later. |
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How are parasitic worms different in structure and function than free living worms? |
Organs in parasitic worms are modified or not present. Free living worms are often more complex. Parasitic worms live off a host. |
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Polyp |
A cylindrical body with arm like tentacles. Mouth points upwards. Sessile. |
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Medusa |
Motile, bell shaped body with a mouth at the bottom. |
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Nematocysts |
A poison filled, stinging structure that contains a tightly coiled dart. |
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Osculum |
A large hole at the top of a sponge. |
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Scolex |
Head of a tapeworm. Can contain suckers or hooks. |
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Proglottids |
Segments that make up a tapeworm's body. |
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Flame cell |
Remove excess water from a flat worm's body. |
