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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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population |
individuals of a species that interact with one another w/in given area at particular time |
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populations are _____ in space and _____ in time |
patchy, dynamic |
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_________ determine pop growth rates |
life histories |
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pop density |
# individuals/ unit area or volume |
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pop size |
total # individuals in pop |
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estimating pop size |
density x total area occupied by pop |
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3 pop spatial patterns |
clumped, random, spaced |
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spaced spatial patterns may indicate ________ |
competing individuals |
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clumped spatial patterns may indicate ____ or ____ |
social patterns or resource distribution |
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habitats found in _____ |
geographic range |
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what are habitat patches |
"islands" of suitable habitat separated by areas of unsuitable habitat |
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type 1 pop distribution (mortality rates) |
low mortality early in life, high mortality late in life |
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type 2 pop distribution |
constant mortality throughout life |
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type 3 pop distribution (mortality rates) |
higher mortality early in life, low mortality late in life |
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what causes pop change over time |
addition through births and immigration loss through deaths and emigration |
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BD model |
pop size = current #W individuals + B - D |
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per capita = |
per individual |
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per capita birth rate |
# of offspring the average individual produces |
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per capita death rate |
avg individual's change of dying |
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per capita growth rate equation |
r = b-d |
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per capita growth rate |
avg individual's contribution to total pop growth rate |
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parity |
# of reproductive events |
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fecundity |
# of offspring per reproductive event |
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life history |
schedule of an organism's growth, development, reproduction, and survival |
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parental investment |
amount of time and energy given to an offspring by its parents |
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longevity |
life span of an organism |
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SLOW life history: time to reach sexual maturity, # offspring, parental investment, life span |
LONG time to reach sexual maturity, FEW offspring, HIGH parental investment, LONG life span |
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FAST life history: time to reach sexual maturity, # offspring, parental investment, life span |
SHORT time to reach sexual maturity, MANY offspring, LOW parental investment, SHORT life span
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resource vs conditions |
resources are used up or consumed while conditions are experienced/NOT consumed |
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what is principle of allocation |
once an organism has acquired a unit of some resource, it can be only used for one function at a time |
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what are the functions |
maintenance, foraging, growth, defense, reproduction |
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if b > d, r _________ and what happens |
r > 0, pop grows |
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if b < d, r _______ and what happens |
r < 0, pop shrinks |
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if b = d, r _______ and what happends |
r = 0, pop does not change |
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intrinsic growth rate |
highest possible per capita growth rate for a pop |
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geometric/additive growth model |
compares pop sizes at regular intervals, adds constant NUMBER of individuals each time |
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multiplicative/exponential growth model |
pop increases at exponential rate, adds constant MULTIPLE each time |
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which growth model has J-shaped curve? |
multiplicative/exponential |
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equation for mult/exponential growth model |
Ne^rt |
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true or false. pops can grow multiplicatively for long. |
FALSE, cannot |
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true or false. pops cannot grow multiplicatively for long. |
true |
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what happens to r, b, and d as pop increases |
r down, b down, d up |
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carrying capacity |
# of individuals an environment can support indefinitely |
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what are density dependent factors, examples? |
effects that increase with crowding ex: starvation, disease, predators |
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when is logistic model used |
to predict change in pop where environment limits growth |
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what technological advances have allowed humans to increase exponentially? |
increase food production, improve health |
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what is result of 20th century pop expansion |
climate change and ecosystem degradation |
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difference btw open and closed system |
open has immigration/emigration |
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equation for open system pop growth |
BIDE model N + B + I (immigrants)- D - E (emigrants) |
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metapopulation |
set of subpopulations in a region |
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subpopulation |
patch of suitable habitat occupied by a species |
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what two big things can immigration do? |
increase genetic diversity, repopulate patches on verge of extinction |
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dispersal limitation |
absence of pop from suitable habitat bc of barriers to dispersal |
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habitat (dispersal) corridors |
strip of favorable habitat located btw 2 large patches of habitat that facilitates dispersal |
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are subpops more likely to exist with or without barriers to dispersal |
mmmmm |
