Population Dynamics

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Populations are in continuous flux and their patterns of distribution and abundance result from a dynamic balance between factors that add individuals to populations birth and immigration factors that remove individuals from populations, death and immigration.

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Population Dynamics

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is concerned with the factors influencing the expansion,decline, or maintenance of populations.

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Population dynamics

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Honey bee___ their native range extend from tropical to cold temperate environment

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Apis mellifera

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rate of dispersal has range from 300 - 500 kilometers per year.

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Africanized honey bees

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can increase or decrease local population densities.

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Dispersal

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is an important aspect of population dynamics

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Dispersal

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dispersed by winds, water or transported by a variety of mammals

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Plant seeds

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may spend their lives attach to rocks but the larvae travel the high seas on far ranging ocean currents

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Barnacle

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often disperse from the area where they are born and may join other local populations

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Young mammals and birds

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are changes in the density of predator populations in response to increased prey density.

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Numerical responses

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"because the reproductive rate of small mammals is so high, there was an almost immediate increase in density with increase in food."

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Numerical responses

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Kestrels and owls in western Finland are nomadic, moving from place to place in response to changing vole densities

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Numerical responses

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A___ is a part of a larger population, with which it sustains a limited exchange of individuals through immigration and emigration. (ex. population of butterflies that lives in a specific place and then scattered)

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subpopulation

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Metapopulation

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A group of subpopulations living on such patches connected by exchange of individuals among patches make up a_____.

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Metapopulation

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Rocky mountain parmesan butterfly -

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Parnassius smintheus

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A ____ summarizes the pattern of survival in a population

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survivorship curve

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Patterns of Survival

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In response to practical challenges of discerning patterns of survival, population biologists have invented bookkeeping devices called_____that list both the survivorship and the deaths, or mortality, in populations.

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Life tables

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Patterns of Survival

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A group born during the same time period; for example, the same year, is called a_____. A life table made from data collected in this way is called a_____________.

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cohort, cohort life table

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Estimating Patterns of Survival

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A second way to estimate patterns of survival in wild populations is to record the age at death of a large number of individuals. This method differs from the cohort approach because the individuals in your sample are born at different times. This method produces a _________. (The table is called static because the method involves a Snapchat of survival within a population during a short interval of time.)

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static life table

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Estimating Patterns of Survival

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An_________ consists of the proportion of individuals of different ages within a population. You can use an age distribution to estimate survival by calculating the difference in proportion of individuals in succeeding age classes. This method, which also produces a________ , assumes that the difference in numbers of individuals in one age class and the next is the result of mortality. (Age if dead individuals)

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Age distribution, static life table

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Estimating Patterns of Survival

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• Despite going through a more diverse set of life stages the annual plant Phlox drummondii shows a pattern of survival similar to Dall sheep.

• Survival by P. drummondii is played out in less than a year.

• A similar pattern of survival by the rotifer, Floscularia conifera, is complete within 11 days.

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High Survival Among the Young

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• Like many other birds species, white crowned sparrows and American Robins show approximately constant rates of mortality.

• Come on mud 13 populations are also subject to approximately constant rates of mortality after about age 3 years. > This survivorship curve of many species are nearly straight lines in these populations, individuals are likely to die at any age. > In the figure on the left, expectancy remains relatively constant over the whole period, a cohort is in existence while birds are the most well known for showing a linear pattern of survival >The other figure would show the same pattern of survival for a population of the common mode turtle though the Myrtle has a high rate of mortality during the first year of life thereafter survival follows a straight line.

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Constant Rates of Survival

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Some organisms produce large numbers of young with very high rates of mortaliy

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High Mortality Among the Young

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Out of 1 millions eggs laid by a mackerel, more than 999 thousand die during the first 70 days of life

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High Mortality Among the Young

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They set boundaries that mark what is possible within populations.

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Survivorship Curves

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A relatively high rate of survival among young and middle-aged individuals followed by a high rate of mortality among the aged is known as______.

Example are: dall sheep, Phlox drummondii, and the rotifers.

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Type one survivorship

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Constant rates of survival throughout life produced this straight line pattern survival known as____________.

Examples: American Robins the white crown sparrows and common mud turtles show this pattern of survival.

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Type 2 survivorship curve

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The type_________, the blue line is one in which a period of extremely high rates of mortality among the young is followed by a relatively high rate of survival

Example: desert plant cleome

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Type 3 survivorship curve

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The _______ of a population reflects its history of survival, reproduction, and potential for future growth.

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Age distribution

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This indicate periods of successful reproduction, periods of high and low survival, and whether the older individuals in a population are replacing themselves or if the population is declining.

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Age distribution

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Rosemary and Peter Grant have spent decades studying Darwin Darwin’s Finch populations

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A Dynamic Population in a Variable Climate

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In mammals and other live-bearing organisms, from sharks to humans, the _____ means the number of young born per female in a period of time.

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Term birthrate

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It refers to any other processes that produce new individuals in the population.

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Birth

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The tabulation of birthrates for females of different ages in a population is called a ______.

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Fecundity schedule

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Given suitable environmental condition aquatic and terrestrial population will manifest their great capacity for growth. Population are dynamic means their increasing and decreasing response to changes to biotic and abiotic. Some of the most variable terrestrial population found in Galapagos Island. Fluctuation is produce by large scale climatic system called _____.

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el nino

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warms the water around the Galapagos island and bring higher average rainfall once or twice each decade. This increase to rainfall stimulate the germination in growth of

plant and produce abundance of seed upon Darwin finches depend for food. During drought which can be severe both plant and finch population decline grammatically. Whether on the sea or land population are dynamic.

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El nino

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Give the two complementary approaches

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1. Mathematics to model population growth 2. Studies of laboratory and natural populations

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Population can grow in________________.

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Geometric and Exponential rate

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A population growing at its ______ rate grows slowly at first then faster and faster, Population grow accelerate

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maximum

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When growing at their maximum rates, some populations are said to grow ______ and others ________.

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geometrically, exponentially

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Growth by any population with pulsed reproduction can be modeled as________ , in which successive generations differ in size by a constant ratio.

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geometric population growth

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We can use this model to project the future size of our hypothetical ___________ – study phlox population to build a model of geometric growth population. Use this model to predict the size of hypothetical phlox population.

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Phlox population (Levin and Leverich)

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Continuous population growth in an unlimited environment can be modeled as _______________.

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exponential population growth.

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Express the rate of population growth which is the change in numbers with change in time as per capital rate of increase. The ________ is appropriate for populations with non-pulsed reproduction because it represents population growth as a continuous process.

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exponential model

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Natural population may grow at exponential rates for relatively shorts period of time in the presence of abundant resources.

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Exponential growth in nature

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_______ rate in lake sediments can be used as an index of population size. .

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Pollen accumulation

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He estimate population sizes in growth by counting the number of pollen grain of each tree species deposited within lake sediments. By counting the number of pollen grains per square centimeter deposited each year, He was able to reconstruct changes in tree population densities in the surrounding landscape. His study revealed an interesting picture of growth by postglacial tree populations in the British Isles

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Bennett 1983

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It first appeared in the pollen record of the study lake about 9,500 years ago.

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Pinus sylvestris

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Environmental limitation is incorporated into another model of population growth called_______

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logistic population growth

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As population size increases, growth rate eventually ____ and then ceases as population size levels off.

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slows

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He obtained sigmoidal growth curves for populations of several species of yeast and protozoa

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Gause (1934)

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For the barnacles studied by. _____, carrying capacity is largely determined by the amount of space available on rocks for attachment by new barnacles.

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Connell (1961)

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Because the effects of biotic factors, such as disease and predation, are often influenced by population density, biotic factors are often referred to as _____factors.

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density-dependent

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______ factors such as floods and extreme temperature, can exert their influences independently of population density and so are often called density-independent factors.

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Abiotic

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This can influence populations in a density-dependent factors.

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Abiotic factors

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______ factors such as disease, can affect populations in a density-independent way

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Biotic

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The major point of this section is that ___ and ____ factors act on populations by modifying birthrates and death rates northeastern portion of the Galápagos Archipelago

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biotic, abiotic

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This is one of the main sources of food for cactus finches on Genovesa Island

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Opuntia helleri

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One of the most distinctive features of the human population is its ____.

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distribution

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The _____&______, the most populous countries on the planet.The remainder of the human population is spread across Africa, Europe , North America , and South and Central America and the Caribbean . The remainder live in Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, and scattered oceanic islands).

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China and India

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In 1950, the population of Rwanda was much smaller than either Hungary’s or Sweden’s population.

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Population Growth

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________ tree or (Sequoia sempervirens) establish when Rome invaded Britain had produced seed for 1000 layer. The tree was well established when Rome invaded Britain and had produced seeds for 500 years when William the Conqueror invaded the island from across the English Channel. It was 1,800 years old when rag tag colonials wrenched an American territorial prize from William’s heirs, claiming it as their own country. Within a mere century the descendants of the colonial rebels had expanded their territory 2000 miles westward and were chopping down redwood trees for lumber

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Red wood tree

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It consists of the adaptations of an organism that influence aspects of its biology such as the number of offspring it produces, its survival, and its size and age at reproductive maturity.

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Life history

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__________ of intake is limited either by conditions in the external environment, such a food availability, or by internal constraints such as the rate at which the organism can process food

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Rate of energy

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The______ underscores the fact that if an organism uses energy for one function such as growth, it reduces the amount of energy available for other functions such as reproduction

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principle of allocation

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He pointed out that fish show more variation in many life history traits than any other group of animals. For instance, the number of offspring they produce per brood, that is their clutch size, ranges from the one or two large live young produced by mako sharks to the 600,000,000 eggs per clutch laid by the ocean sunfish.

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Winemiller (1995)

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They are interested in determining the relationship between egg size and egg number, or fecundity, and the extent of gene flow among populations.

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Turner and Trexler (1998)

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_____ is simply the number of eggs or seeds produced by an organism

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Fecundity

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These are small, stream-lined benthic fishes that live in rivers and streams throughout eastern and central North America

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Darters

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________ or life-form, which themselves constitute aspects of the plant life history

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growth form

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It is an important face of the population biology of all organisms, including plants

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Dispersal

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Grasses and grass-like plants, such as sedges and rushes, were classified as ____.

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graminoids

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Herbaceous plants other than graminoids were assigned to a ____category

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forb category

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Climbing plants and vines wereclassified as

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Climbers

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_______, a structure on the surface of some seeds generally containing oils attractive to ants, as ant-dispersed.

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elaiosome

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Seeds with an___ , a fleshy covering of some seeds that attracts birds and other vertebrates,or with flesh were classified as _____ dispersed.

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aril, vertebrate

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____ are those seeds known to be gathered by mammals and stored in scattered caches or hoards.

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Scatterhoarded

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____ is the allocation of energy, time, and other resources to the production and care of offspring

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Reproductive effort

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They explored life history variation among snakes and lizards to determine whether generalizations developed through studies of fish and marine invertEbrates could be extended to another group of animals living in very different environments.

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Shine and Charnov (1992)

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3 functions if limited energy supplies

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maintenance, growth, and reproduction.

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It was taken as the ovary weight of each species divided by the species body weight and adjusted for the number of batches of offspring produced by each species per year

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Gonadosomatic index, or GSI