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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe how the world's population has changed. |
The world population was under a billion in 1750 and had only climbed to 2 billion by 1930. By 2011, it had grown to nearly 7 billion. |
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The UN predicts the world population will be between 10.6 and 8.1 billion by 2050. Why is there a projection range of 2.5 billion? |
We cannot know for sure how birth rates and death rates will change in the future. |
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What is the natural increase of a population? |
The difference between the birth and death rates. (If birth rate is 40 per 1000 and the death rate 20 per 1000, the population increases at 20 per 1000 (2%) each year) |
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What does fertility rate measure? |
The number of children that women have in their lifetime. If women have two children or more, the children 'replace' their parents - fewer than two children means that the population will eventually fall. |
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Describe (with examples) the 5 stages of the demographic transition model. |
1) Stable population 2) Rapidly growing population (Uganda, Ethiopia) 3) Growth begins to slow (Malaysia, Egypt) 5) Declining population (Japan, Germany) |
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Explain the 5 stages of the demographic transition model. |
1) Poor healthcare means a high death rate, but birth rates are equally high (lack of contraception) 2) Rapid improvements in healthcare because of vaccines, medicines and hospitals, death rate falls 3) Socio-economic changes (people are wealthier, fewer children needed to help farm. Women enter the workforce, want fewer children, birth rate falls. 4) Birth rate and death rate balance, so population is stable - wealthy societies have fewer children. 5) Low fertility and very high life expectancy, birth rate falls below death rate |
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State 5 factors affecting population change. |
1) Birth rate 2) Death rate 3) Life expectancy 4) Infant mortality 5) Fertility rate |
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Why would a country's birth rate fall? |
1. Wealthier families means fewer children needed to work on the farm. 2. Women enter the workforce, meaning that there's less time to look after children. 3. There is access to contraception, meaning that unplanned pregnancies are less frequent. |
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What is a 'population pyramid'? |
A graph showing the population structure of a country - the distribution of the ages and gender of the population. |
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State three factors that influence population structure. |
1) Economic growth 2) Migration 3) Conflict |
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Explain how economic growth affects population structure. |
In Japan (HIC), children are seen as a 'cost'. This reduces the number born. Their lifestyle (with women working) does not easily accommodate children. In Nigeria, children are seen as an asset - they can help on the farm, get a street job to boost family income and care for parents when old. |
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Explain how migration affects population structure. |
Migration can boost a country's population. In the UK, immigration increased population by 2.4 million during 1990-2010. In Japan, immigration is very low, so does not offset the costs of the ageing population. In Nigeria, 300,000 people emigrated to seek better jobs in other countries. |
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Explain how conflict affects population structure. |
War and conflict often lead to a lower number of men in a country. As a result of the deaths in the second world war, there are very few men over 80 in Japan. |
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Why do countries like Japan have an ageing population? |
Rapidly falling birth rates (due to the cost of children) and very good healthcare (so a very high life expectancy and low death rate). |
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Describe 4 problems/challenges that an ageing population creates for a country. |
1) Healthcare costs and demands rise - in the UK, this puts pressure on the NHS. 2) The cost of long-term residential care and nursing homes for the elderly is rising. 3) The percentage of people aged over 65 rises, number of working-age people falls, the smaller number of workers have to pay higher taxes to care for the elderly. 4) A shortage of workers for offices and factories is an issue facing Japan today. |
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What are very old and very young people called? Why? |
Dependents - they do not work, so depend on the working population to support them. |
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What is an ageing population? |
A population where the average age is rising. |
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Women in Nigeria tend to have large families. What are two reasons for this desired fertility? |
1) Poor child survival - 20% of all children born die before their 5th birthday. 2) Low educational attainment among young women - 42% have never been to school. |
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State three population scenarios. |
1) Overpopulation: greater population than resources can provide for. 2) Sustainable population: the population's demand for resources is equal to the supply. 3) Underpopulation: a low population means that demand for resources is lower than the supply. |
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State 4 reasons for governments wanting to manage the population. |
1) Pressure on resources - restricting population growth could relieve this pressure. However, many resources are imported now. 2) Overcrowding - common in small countries like the UK - space, housing education and health services could be overstretched. 3) Ageing - a country like Japan could offset the problem of ageing by encouraging a higher birth rate and/or encouraging immigration. 4) Skills shortages |
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Some countries lack the skilled workers they need. How might they fix this?
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1) Encourage immigration. 2) Raising birth rates and educating children is possible, but takes too long. |
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If population grows faster than resources, what might happen? |
There is likely to be a crisis of some sort - famine and war are possibilities. |
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How can ageing populations 'save' money for governments? |
They spend a lot less on children's education and maternity care. |
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Outline the problems LICs face with youthful populations. |
1) Costs of feeding and funding education for the young dependent population are high. 2) A youthful population is not a working population, so does not add anything to the economy - only act as a strain. However, in 20 years, the youthful population will be of working age, which will be a huge boost to the economy. |
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Why did China adopt an anti-natalist policy? |
1) The population was growing very rapidly throughout the 1950s and 1960s - at that time encouraged by the government. 2) New political leaders decided that a large population size was a problem. |
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What policies were adopted by China? |
1) Voluntary programmes and land reform led to a sharp fall in birth rate in the 1970s. 2) The 'one child policy' was introduced in 1979. It gave benefits to women in the form of cash bonuses, better housing and maternity care. Couples who refused to sign up were punished and forced sterilisation happening in some regions of the country. |
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Describe the impact of the anti-natalist policy on China. |
1) Birthrate continued to fall. Today, China has a fertility rate of 1.7. 2) Issues were raised about China's rapidly ageing population and the impact on the single children of looking after elderly parents. 3) Preference for boys led to sex-selective abortions and today there are 120 males to 100 females. |
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Why did Singapore decide to adopt a pro-natalist policy? |
As a result of a previous anti-natalist policy, the fertility rate was low (1.6, fallen from 3.0). The leaders were worried that its only resource is its population, so the government tries to encourage earlier marriage and larger families. |
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What steps does the Singapore government take to encourage larger families? |
Couples with three or more children pay lower taxes, have better housing, easier access to nursery schools and preference in school choice later on. |
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What has been the impact of the pro-natalist policy in Singapore? |
The impact has been very limited in Singapore, with the drive today being to get couples together in the first place. The government is so desperate it now sponsors speed-dating events. |
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Describe three reasons why a country might attempt to reduce immigration. |
1) The unpopularity of large-scale immigration among voters. 2) Fears that immigrants accept lower pay, reducing pay for everyone. 3) Fears that the host country culture becomes 'swamped' by the culture of those immigrating. |
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What are the most common ways of restricting the numbers of migrants? |
Quotas and skills tests. |
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State three reasons why a country may want to increase immigration. |
1) Reduce skills shortages and help the economy keep growing. 2) Offset the ageing population by attracting working-age migrants. 3) Attract low-skilled, low-wage workers for farming and constructing because the existing population won't do those jobs. |
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Where is most immigration to the UK from? |
The EU. Immigrants also come from the Commonwealth and USA, China and the Philippines. |
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Describe three policies the UK currently has in place.
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1) Open-door policy to Eastern European EU migrants 2) Points-based immigration for non-EU migrants 3) Cap (quota) on non-EU immigration |
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What are the arguments for and against the open-door policy for EU migrants? |
FOR: AGAINST: The number who arrived is higher than forecast, putting pressure on services like schools and housing. |
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What are the arguments for and against the points-based immigration system? |
FOR: AGAINST: It's a complex system which may deter some valuable migrants (like entrepreneurs) who go to another country. |
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What are the arguments for and against the immigration 'quota'? |
FOR: Key to reducing overall immigration numbers because the UK cannot restrict EU immigration. AGAINST: Once the annual quota is filled, no more immigrants are allowed, so some TNCs cannot get the skilled workers they need. |
