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13 Cards in this Set
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Key words Birth Rate- number of live births per 1000 people per year. Death Rate- number of deaths per 1000 people per year. Fertility Rate- average number of kids a woman has between ages 15-44. Infant Mortality Rate- number of kids who die before their first birthday out of every 100 alive Life Expectancy- average age person can expect to live. |
Migration Rate- difference between number of people who migrate in and number of people who migrate out per 100 000 of population per year. Population Density- number of people per square kilometer. total po of area divided by size of area. Natural Change- change in pop cause of difference between birth &death rate not including migration. Zero growth rate- population neither increasing nor decreasing. |
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Demographic Transition Model Shows how pop of country chnages over time through 5 stages. Model shows BR, DR and Total Pop. |
Stage 1(high fluctuating)- Tribes High BR High DR. BR&DR high as no birth control or family planning, high cause high infant mortality-people have more kids to replace dead ones.pop remains stable but low. DR high &life Expectancy low as poor health care, sanitation and diet leading to disease& starvation. |
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Stage 2(early expanding)- African nations- somalia, gambia, afghanistan & Nepal. DR falls but BR stays high- pop increases rapdily. BR high still little birth control &education poor. also cause labour reasons- fam members all have to work. big family have big farms helping bring more food&money. DR falls & LE increases due to improved health care, sanitation&diet. |
Stage 3(Late Expanding)- BR declines rapdily while DR falls slow-pop increase at slower rate. BRIC-Brazil,Russia,India,China MINT-Mexico,Indonesia,Nigeria,Thailand. BR decreases cause increased use of Birth control&family planning &improvements in ed.also as economy moves towards manufacturing less kids needed to work on farms.BR falls further still as more women work rather than stay at home to have kids. some countries introduced government pop policies try reduce BR. |
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Stage 4- (low fluctuating)- BR&DR at low level -pop stays stable but high. developed countires like UK&USA are here. BR stays low cause increased access&de,mand for luxiers -holiday etc means less money avaliable for having kids. |
Stage 5(declining)- BR begins to decline further while DR stays stable. pop begins decrease. Japan&Germnay here. BR decreases cause kids expensive &many people ahve dependent elderly relatives DR remains steady as more elderly people so more people die despite advances in health care. AGEING POPULATION |
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Strengths of DTM gives good generalised pic of how pop can chnage over time. easy to compare country. forecast how pop nmay chnage helps governments decide on policies like 1 child limits & immigration laws. |
Weaknesses of DTM Original data used to create DTM was from more devloped richer countires meaning might not be valid model worldwide. Pop in countires with different customs may change in different ways. Extreme poverty&low levels of devleopment cause lack of pop growth &prevent LEDCs from passing through all stages. War can lead to high DR&decreased BR chnages what countrys DR BR is. |
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population structure is how pop is made up pop structure is number or % of M&F in diff age groups within pop. pop pyramids show pop structure. top shows Life expectancy bottom shows br. It varies from place to place over time. pop pyramids for diff countires vary cause of diff demiographic factors. countrys pop structure chnages through time as moves through stages of DTM. meaning pop pyramid shape can show which stage of DTM country is in: |
Stage1- high BR&DR low LE Stage2-high BR falling DR long LE pop explosion Stage3-falling BR&DR. more people live to be old. Stage4-low BR&DR. high LE. lots old people. Stage5-BR drops below DR&pop decline.increase number of elderly people |
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Migration changing pop structure. migration is movement of people between/within countries. immigration movement of people into country &emigration movement people out. can alter population structue can be seen in pop pyramid for areas affected. migration can affect any part of pop pyramid depending on thier age. |
Internal migration- from rual to urban areas often affects number of young adults. move away from countryside into city for jobs. called rurla-urban migration. can affect BR as migrants are of reproductive age. Emmigration- away from countries at later DTM stages into other countries decreases pop of country they've left. Immigration- into countries at laterDTM stages from those at earlier DTM stages increases pop if people of working&reproductive stage. |
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Migration occurs cause Push &Pull factors. Push- why people want to move away. Pull- attract people to a place. Obstacles- make migration more difficult Opportunities- opportunities individual encounter that mean they stop before reach intended destination. |
Dependency ratio shows how much of pop is dependent. gives proportion of pop that needed support by working pop. young people&older generally dependent on working pop-need looking after etc. high dependency ration means greater proportion of dependent people. younger people+older people divided by working age pop= dependency ratio. |
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Social&economic impacts of ageing pop. social- increased pressure on public services- greater demand for services like hospitals. elderly need care. unequal distribution of older people reduced population growth or pop decline- working pop may have fewer kids cause already have older dependents leading to reduction in BR. Longer working life- state pension is low cause so many retired people. |
Economic- reduced work force- smaller proportion of pop working may slow economic growth. Increased taxes- pensions&services paid by taxes. greater proportion of older people claiming pensions& support could mean higher taxes for working pop. Spending- elderly have savings&pensions to spend. |
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Social&economic impacts on of Youthful pop. Social- increased pressure on public services- greater demand for services like schools and childcare. rapid pop growth- large numbers of kids grow up &have families too increasing pop. may lead to overpopulation if aren't enough resources cope with number of people. |
Economic- too few jobs- aren't enough for younger pop when grow up. more unemployment means more people dependent on government support. increased poverty- more young born in families that poor. kids may have to work to help support family so cant go school means cant break out of poverty. |
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Strategies to manage ageing population Encouraging larger families Raising retirement age Encouraging immigration of working-age people Increasing health care provision |
Strategies to manage youthful population Controlling BR Limiting the immigration of younger people Encouraging family planning&use of contraception Increasing childcare provision |
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Urban&rural have different characteristics urban areas can be divided into zones based on major land use in each area. in developed countries the major urban zones are inner city the suburbs and rural/urban fringe. as move out urban towards rural areas tend to be fewer environmental, social and economic problems. |
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