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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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why is atherosclerotic infarction pale?
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no reperfusion
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describe pulse of atrial fib
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irregularly irregular
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reducing HTN has ist greatest effect in reducing risk of what
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stroke
(not MI) |
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MCA occlusion affects what part of homunculus
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contralateral upper extremities and face
motor and sensory if left MCA --> broca's aphasia if left MCA --> eyes toward the left (and vice versa) |
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ACA occlusion affects what part of homunculus
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contralateral leg and foot
motor: paresis/paralysis and sensory: paresthesia |
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intracerebral hemorrhage: is that an embolic stroke?
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no way jose
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intracerebral hemorrhage: is that an infarct?
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no -- it's a blood clot
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little skinny vessel coming from MCA rupture why?
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aneurysms rupture from high pressure
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a test question involves intracerebral hemorrhage involving MCA near thalamic area
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with shock, what is the most affected organ?
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kidney
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why is brain protected from ischemia during shock
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circle of willis
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in GI tract, what is analog to aneurysm
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diverticulum
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in respiratory tract, what is analog to aneurysm
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brochiectasis
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where are normal areas of weakness in circle of willis
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at junx of ACA and ACOM (40%)
at MCA and branches after circle (34%) at MCA and PICA (20%) at basilar fork into PCA (4%) |
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why is subarachnoid hem so painful
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blood is irritative to meninges
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if congenital berry aneurysm bursts, what type of hem do you get
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subarachnoid
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why do PKD pts have berry aneurysms?
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b/c they have HTN
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how long does it take for bloody CSF to turn yellow (xanthochromia)
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12 hours for it to start
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Pink color of CSF is due to what?
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oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) from ruptured RBCs
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"lacuner" means what?
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lake
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lacunar infarcts are Cystic areas of microinfarction ___ cm in diameter
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< 1
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hyaline arteriolosclerosis is found in what 2 diseases
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HTN
DM |
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what vascular path causes lacunar strokes
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hyaline arteriolosclerosis
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non ezymatic glycosylization of basement membrane makes the membrane like a sponge
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if you have a stroke with pure motor or pure sensory symps, consider what stroke first
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lacunar
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Is embolic stroke due to poorly controlled HTN?
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no
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meningitis is Inflammation of which layer of meninges
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pia mater
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white stuff covering surface of brain is what
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exudate (PMNs)
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vasodialator chemicals responsible for pain with meningitis
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bradykinin
Prostaglandin E |
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cells in CSF during viral meningits
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lymphocytes
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key initial cell of inflamation
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neutrophils (first 24-48 hrs)
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protein is elevated in viral or bacterial meningitis CSF
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both
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hypoglycorockia?
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low glucose, too much insulin
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how is meningitis diff from encephalitis
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encephalitis:
no brudzinski mental stattus abnormalities |
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how do you die with african sleeping sickness
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starvation
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african sleeping sickness symptoms is good to remember what encephalitis is.
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what do cerebral abscesses and infarcts have in common
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cystic space
liquefactive necrosis |
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how is cause of cerebral abscess spread
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a. Spread from an adjacent focus of infection (e.g., sinuses)
b. Hematogenous spread (e.g., infective endocarditis) |
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spider bite that mimics acute abdomen
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black widow (neurotoxin)
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vector or arbo virus
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mosquito
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reservoir of arbo virus
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birds
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mc cause of aseptic meningitis
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coxsackie
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mc in utero infection of newborns
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CMV
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mc antibody in the world
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CMV Ab
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what does CMV infection do to the brain
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dystrophic calcification in a periventricular pattern
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what is best body fluid to culture for CMV
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urine
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what part of brain does HSV-1 most like to make hemorrhagic necrosis
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temporal lobe
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what is the macrophage of the brain
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microbial cell
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what is the reservoir cell of HIV (during nonsymptomatic phase of infection)
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follicular dendritic cells
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what is the reservoir cell of HIV in the brain
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microbial cell
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microbial cells with HIV fuse together to form what
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multinucleated giant cells
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what activates macrophages to eat things
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IFN - alpha
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what releases IFN-alpha?
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T helper 2 cells
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2 cells in granulomas
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macrophages
helper T cells |
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where are folllicular dendritic cells
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lymph nodes
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poliovirus destroys what horn cells
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anterior cells
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lower or upper motor neuron involvement:
babinski |
upper
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lower or upper motor neuron involvement:
paralysis |
lower
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lower or upper motor neuron involvement:
poliovirus |
both
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mc rabies animals (1 and 2)
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1) raccoon
2) skunk |
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you get bit by raccoon -- how do you know you've got rabies
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paresthesias at bite site
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percent of death w/o treatment of rabies infection
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100%
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other rabies animals
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dogs
beetles in bat dung bats |
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slow virus diseases: means what?
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die slowly with dementia
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C-J disease AKA
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spongiform encephalophay
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cause of C-J disease
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prions
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how is C-J disease transmitted
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corneal transplant
unsterilized neurosurgery instruments ungloved neuropathologists |
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how is mad cow disease transmitted
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sloppy slaughtering of cows: brain contaminates meat
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PML: progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
infects what cell |
oligodendrocyte
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if oligodendrocyte is infected what is happening to the brain
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demyelination
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helper T cell count when PML strikes
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~50
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SSPE (Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis) is caused by what
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measles
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percent of women with GBS in vaginas
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30%
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#1 cause of neonatal meningitis
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GBS
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maternal prophylaxis of GBS neonatal meningitis
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ampicillin
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why not eat soft cheeses or hotdogs while pregnant
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listeria monocytogenes
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#2 and #3 cause of neonatal meningits
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E coli
Listeria monocytogenes |
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what is gram stain of neisseria
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gram neg diplococcus
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#1 cause of meningitis from 1 month to 18 years old
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Neisseria meningitidis
(pneumovax shot knocked out strep pneumo) |
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waterhouse friedrichsen syndrome always goes along with what
(both adrenal glands completely gone) |
neisseria meningitidis
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the only meningitis with petechial lesions
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neisseria meningitidis
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TB causes meningitis with what other problems
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noncommunicating hydrocephalus
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what is purpose of steroids in treating TB meningitis back in the old days
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prevent scarring (which would cause hydrocephalus)
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what cause of meningitis causes demyelination of dorsal columns
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treponema pallidum
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test for posterior columns problems
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Romberg
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mc fungal infection in the immunocompromised brain
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cryptococcus neoformans
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bird carrying cryptococcus neoformans
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pigeons
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What if you're not immunocompromised, can you get cryptococcus
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yes, but not in the brain
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pts with diabetic ketoacidosis with frontal lobe abscesses. What's the cause
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Mucor
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what is the angle of hyphae of mucor
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right angles
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stagnant water
infection thru the nose meningoencephalitis quick death what's the bug |
Naegleria fowleri
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diseases (2) of undercooked pork
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taenia solium
trichinosis |
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larvae in meat eaten
turn into worms in the person person's stool has eggs in it. another person eats the eggs. eggs turn into larvae. what host has a parasite that does not sexually reproduce (larvae) |
intermediate host
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what's the person with the worm
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definitive host
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