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65 Cards in this Set
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Nekton
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Organisms able to move independently of water currents
e.g. Fish, Cephalopods |
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Benthic zone
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Ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water
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Infauna
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Aquatic animals that live in the substrate of a body of water, especially in a soft sea bottom.
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Epifauna
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Aquatic animals that live on the bottom substratum as opposed to within it
Also called epibenthos |
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Plankton
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Organisms that live within the water column and do not have their own movement (or very little)
e.g. Zooplankton, Phytoplankton |
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Spring tide
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When the moon and sun are aligned
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Neap tide
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When the moon and sun are out of alignment
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Pelagic zone
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Any water in the sea that is not close to the bottom or near to the shore
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Lichens
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Symbiotic combination of yeasts and green algae or cyanobacteria
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Phaeophyta
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Brown seaweed
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Largest seaweed
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Kelp (brown algae)
Can exceed a length of 25m |
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Brown seaweed pigments
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Chlorophyll a and c
Carotenoids - inc. Fucoxanthin |
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Rhodophyta
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Red seaweed
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Forms of red seaweed
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Encrusting
Filamentous Erect branching Frondose |
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Red seaweed pigments
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Phycobilins - Phycocyanin, phycoerythrin
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Chlorophyta
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Green seaweed
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Forms of green seaweed
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Uncellular/filamentous
branched/frondose |
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Green seaweed pigments
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Chlorophyll a and b
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Annelida
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Segmented worms
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Phylum/Sub-phylum?
Shrimps, Prawns, Crabs, Lobsters, Barnacles |
Arthropoda/Crustacea
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Phylum?
Marine snails, oysters, clams, mussels & other bivalve shellfish, octopuses and squids |
Mollusca
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Phylum?
Feather stars, starfishes, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers |
Echinodermata
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Examples of phytoplankton
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Dinoflagellates
Diatoms |
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Term for when populations grow in discrete pulses
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Geometric population growth
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Equation which models geometric growth
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Term for when a population grows with continuous time intervals
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Exponential growth
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Equation which models exponential growth
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Population growth which slows and eventually stops as resources are depleted
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Logistic population growth
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Examples of density dependent factors on population growth
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Mostly Biotic:
Disease Resource competition Predation |
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Examples of density-independent factors on population growth
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Mostly abiotic:
Flood Fire Extreme temperature |
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Life history traits of r-selected species
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Early reproduction
Many offspring Little or no parental care |
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Life history traits of K-selected species
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Delayed maturity
Few offspring Much parental care |
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Name this curve
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Sigmoidal curve
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Evidence and consequences of Intra-specific competition in animals
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Evidence of Intra-specific competition in grass
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Inter-specific competition
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Competition between individuals of two species that reduces the fitness of both
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Self thinning
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Reduction in population density as a stand of plants increases in biomass, due to intra-specific competition
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Interference competition
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Form of competition involving direct aggressive interaction between individuals
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Niche
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The environmental factors that influence the growth, survival and reproduction of a species
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Fundamental niche
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The physical conditions under which a species might live, in the absence of interactions with other species
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Realised niche
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The actual niche of a species whose distribution is restricted by biotic interactions such as competition, predation, disease and parasitism
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The principle that two species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely
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Competitive exclusion principle
(Gause's principle) |
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Describes the condition in which populations or species have non-overlapping geographic ranges
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Allopatric
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Describes the condition in which populations or species have overlapping geographic ranges
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Sympatric
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Examples of mutualism
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Coral reefs
Bioluminescence Animal pollination of plants Mycorrhizae Animal digestion |
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a mutualistic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant
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Mycorrhizae
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Intracellular form of Mycorrhizae
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AMF (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus)
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Extracellular form of Mycorrhizae
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EcM (ectomycorrhizae)
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Benefits to plants with Mycorrhizae
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Greater access to inorganic nutrients (P, Cu, Zn, N)
Increases leaf water potential (May be due to increased access to Phosphorus) |
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Example of a mutualistic relationship between ants and a tree
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Acadia tree supplies shelter and food
Ants supply protection from grazers and encroaching vegetation = Tree grows faster and has increased chance of survival Obligate mutualism |
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Example of a mutualistic relationship between ants and a sunflower
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Aspen sunflower supplies sugars and amino acids
Ants reduce seed predation Facultative mutualism |
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Species richness
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The number of species in a community
(Regardless of relative abundance) |
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Species evenness
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The relative abundance of species in a community
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Lognormal distribution
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The normal distribution of relative abundances of species when each interval is doubled (pic)
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Rank-abundance curve
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A curve that portrays the number of species in a community and their relative abundance; constructed by plotting the relative abundance of species against their rank in abundance (pic)
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Shannon-Weiner index
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Simpson's index
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Paradox of the plankton
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Heterogeneity or environmental complexity
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Disturbance hypothesis
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Sousa (1984) – “a discrete, punctuated killing, displacement or damaging of one or more individuals that directly or indirectly creates an opportunity for new individuals to become established.”
White & Pickett (1985) – “any relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community or pop. structure and changes resources, substrate availability or the physical environment.” |
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Effect on species diversity by disturbance of of boulders on the intertidal
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Experimental evidence of keystone species
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Experimental removal of starfish by Paine
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Why keystone species increase biodiversity
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Keystone species keep (dominant) prey populations below carrying capacity
-> Reducing potential competitive exclusion |
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Results of Lubchenko's study of the effect of snail density on algal diversity
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The difference between a keystone species and a dominant species
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Both have a substantial impact of community structure but differ in biomass
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Before
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After
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