Pompeii And Herculaneum

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Via dell ' Abbondanza

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the main road of Pompeii

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Forum

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an open space where magistrates were elected ,religious ceremonies were conducted , people found out about local edicts and news from Rome , traded good such as grain , cloth and wool , markets were held ,lawyers and doctors were hired and patrons went sent to be seen and conduct business followed by an entourage of clients.

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Epigraphic source

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writings including graffiti , election slogans , tomb stones ,advertisements ,coins ,inscriptions on shops , marble basins in baths and on public monuments

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Earthquake

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62 A.D.

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Eruption

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79 A.D.

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Mosaics

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made out small titles to decorate houses

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Fiorelli cast

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a gap in the ash is poured with plastic cast let to set giving a captivity of a body in its dying position

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Senators

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must be worth at least a million sesterces , served the emperor in offices throughout the empire , position was hereditary and worn a toga with a broad purple strip to distinguish themselves

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Equestrians

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must be worth at least 400 000 ,served the emperor posts such the fire service , grain supply and military outpost , position was not hereditary and wore a toga with a narrow purple strip

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Freedmen (liberti)

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were slaves gave freedom by their owners , gained wealth through trade ,banking , manufacturing or land ownership and can't be senator but could be equestrians

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Aedile

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junior magistracy ,responsible for the physical upkeep of the city , the maintenance of public buildings and supervision of public markets

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Duumvri

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senior magistracy , which presided over and carried out the decrees of Decurion office , administrated local finance and local law cases

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Torcularium

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where they possessed wine

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Garum

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a fermented fish sauce

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Amphora

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containers to store drinks and food

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Dolli

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jars for storage

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Tavolacald

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tavern outdoor eating area where people ate , drank and gamble

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Forcania

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where clothes were cleaned in urine

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Samnite

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Heavily armed with a sword or lance with a large rectangular shield , wore a metal helmet , protective armour on right leg and left arm

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Thracian

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carried a short curved sword and small round shield

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Myrmillo (fish man)

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fish shaped crest on the helmet ,

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Retiarus (the net welder)

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wore no armour had a net and a trident (a three pronged spear)

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Prandium

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eaten at midday a light meal consisting of meat or fish and fruit perhaps with wine guest were not usually invited

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Bath

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people spending several hours exercising , bathing , eating , reading and other services such as lady of the night

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Castellum

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water tower

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Domus

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house or household

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Cubiculum

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small room or bedroom

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Culina

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kitchen

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Exedra

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garden room

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Perstylium

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colonnaded garden

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Taberna

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shop

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Tablinium

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office /study where records are kept near the atrium

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Triclinium

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dining room

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Vestibulum

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entrance hall elaborately decorated

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Facade

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house opened on raised pavements on busy streets and face inwards

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Atrium

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the central hall with an opening to allowed rain water collect in basin

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Compluvium

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the roof opening that allows rain water in

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Stucco

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painted plaster

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Paterfamilias

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father

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Genius

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the sprit of the male descent represented as a snake worshipped on paterfamilias' birthday

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Lares

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god of food store any dropped food was given to the lares had its shrine in a cupboard

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Penates

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the god of larder or food store statuettes were placed on the table at meal times

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mystery or foreign cult

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worship of foreign gods such as Isis or Apollo

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Giuseppe Fiorelli

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worked between 1860-1875 , developed the system of insulae , uncovered house from the top down , recorded stratigraphic layers , believed that artefact were less importance than learning about the city and its inhabitance , started journaling discoveries , introduced entry fee for the site , weak on restoration , began a school for Italian and foreigners to learn archaeological , wall paintings and mosaics were sent to Naples,

Discovered : House of Siricus (1862) , House of the Hanging Balcony (1862) , Marine Gate (1863), House of M. Lucretius Stabina (1871) , Temple of Venus , House of Epidus Sabinus , House of the Citharist and House of Epidius Rufus

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Michele Ruggero

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worked between 1875 -1893 , first investigations of the ancient coastline (1878) , decided to leave decoration in situ with attempts at conservation , restored over 600 paintings , first deep samplings of the Doric Temple and Forum areas in 1884 , 1888 and 1889

Discovered : House of L. Caecilius Jucundus (1875-76) , Central BAths (1877-78) , House of the Centenary (1879-80) , House of the Silver Wedding (1891-93) , Tomb along via Nolana (1886-87) , Tombs along the Stabian Way (1889)

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Vittorio Spinazzola

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worked between 1911 - 1923 , uncovered 530 metres of the street , had strict methods of excavation , did plaster of tree roots , connected the amphitheatre to the rest of the city , keep site log book with technical drawings , put emphasis on discovering everyday life , photography become main tool to record various stages of the unearthing process , had problems with collapse due to lack of knowledge about buildings , reconstructed systematically top part of buildings , facades of the Pompeian houses , upper floors , windows , balconies and roofs.

DIscovered: House of Obellius Firmo (1911) , HHouse of Aulus Trebius Valente (1915) , House of Cryptoportius (1916) , Stephanus' Laundry (1916) , Asellina's Thermopolium ,House of Paquius Proculus , House of Ceii , House of Pinarius Ceralis , House of Moralist , House of Octavius Quartio

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Amedo Maiuri

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worked between 1924 - 1961 , reorganised the Antiquarium of Pompeii , Pozzuoli and the Campanian Museum in Capua along the modern museograhic , published 300 monographic studies ,articles and guide books , excavation reports of the 1920's and 1930's often recorded the state of volcanic deposits, lines , restored Pompeian monuments and house after the bombing raids in 1943 , extended area of interest to walls and towers , deepened sections of excavation to pre-Roman levels , restoration of public and private buildings , reopened Herculaneum , introduced theory of depressed circumstances at Pompeii , 1951- 1961 excavated often rushed , unprotected and unrecorded or published , some building left abandoned , used inaccurate methodology and instruments , published only what he considered spectacular and faked stories

Discovered: House of Fabius Amandio (1924-26) , House of the Priest Amandio ( 1924-26), House of the Theatrical Pictures (1927) , House of Menander (1928-34) , House of the Lovers ( 1928-34) ,House of the Four Styles (1937-41) , Large Gymnasium ( 1933 -35) , Villa of the Mysteries ( 1929-30) , Imperial Villa (1943) , Necropolis of the Nucerian Gate (1954)