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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which kind of viewer is mostly likely to be influenced by extensive media coverage of crime?
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Television Viewer
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____________ is the most trusted source of information for the average American.
TV Newspapers Radio Internet Walter Cronkite. |
TV
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Journalists are often referred to as “muckrakers.” What is the original meaning of the word “muckrake”?
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A rake designed to collect manure
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In an effort to assess the impact of the news media, early research focused almost exclusively on which aspect of political behavior?
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Vote change as a result of media coverage of presidential elections, was based on the assumption that well-publicized campaign should change votes.
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Thinking in terms of non-authoritarian methods of controlling the media, what factor should shape the content of the news according to journalists who subscribe to a libertarian approach?
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Anything that happens that seems interesting or important for media audiences may become news. It should be reported quickly, accurately and without any attempt to convey a particular point-of-view.
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Thinking in terms of non-authoritarian methods of controlling the media, what factor should shape the content of the news according to journalists who subscribe to a social responsibility approach?
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News and entertainment presented by the mass media should reflect societal concerns. Media personnel should be participants in the political process, not merely reporters of the passing scene. They should promote political action. And also undesirable viewpoints and questionable accusations should be denied exposure. If reporters believe government is hiding something they should try to discover the facts and publicize them.
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What are the foundational assumptions concerning the mission of the press under a democratic regime?
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Government often fail to serve people’s best interests
Media should confront the government when officials and policies seem flawed News should stimulate critical thinking about major policies News and entertainment programs should be selected for audience appeal |
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According to the organizational model, what factors shape the content of the news?
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Pressures inherent in organizational processes and goals determine which items will be published.
Pressures spring from interpersonal relations among journalists and between them and their information sources, from professional norms within the news organization and from constraints arising from technical news production processes, cost-benefit considerations, and legal regulations. |
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According to the public (civic) journalism model, what factor should shape the content of the news?
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Believe that the press can discover citizens’ concerns and then write stories that help audiences play an active and successful role in public life. Journalists must articulate and explain public policy choices in understandable language. They must facilitate a public dialogue that encourages and respects diverse views.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the four methods by which governments attempt to control the content of the news, according to Graber?
Legal Normative Professional Structural Economic |
Professional
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What are independents?
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Individuals or corporations that run a single media venture and nothing else
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What are multiple owners?
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Individuals or corporations own several media outlets.
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What is crossmedia ownership?
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When media enterprises own different types of media
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Why are some people particularly concerned about crossmedia ownership?
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It is worrisome when a company controls all the news media in a market. It eliminates the chance for democratic dialogue
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What are conglomerates?
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Individuals or corporations that own media enterprises along with other types of businesses
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What is a media market (use television media markets to explain your answer)?
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A makret is the geographic area in which a medium attracts a substantial audience. For instance, each television station has a signal that can be receieved clearly by people living wihin a certain radius of the station. All the people within the raidus who can receive the signal are considered within the market.
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How many commissioners sit on the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and for how many years do they serve?
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There are 5 commissioners and they serve for 5 years.
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Which of the following is NOT a way in which the FCC exerts control over the media?
Establishing limitations on ownership Establishing advertising rates for children programming Assessing performance when reissuing licenses Mandating public service programming, including local interest programs Rules to protect individuals from damage caused by unfair media |
Establishing advertising rates for children programming
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What has the media industry done to avoid having the federal government mandate and enforce stringent regulations on media content?
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Lobby congress
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What is the “fairness doctrine”?
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It mandates free air time for the presentations of issues of public concern and the expression of opposing views whenever discussion of highly controversial public issues has been aired.
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Does the First Amendment (e.g., freedom of the press) bestow on journalists a constitutional right of special access to information not available to the public?
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No
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What is the general rule of thumb when considering Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests?
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Disclosure must be in the public interest and must not do excessive harm. Access should be denied if the harm caused by opening records is greater than the likely benefit.
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As it relates to the media, what is a “gag order”?
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They prohibit the mass media from covering some or all of a court case before and during a trail, even when the public is allowed to attend the courtroom sessions. It is a necessary protection for accused persons.
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What is a “shield law”?
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Shield laws shield reporters from subpoenas forcing them to break their pledge of confidentiality. Getting info on people needs informants, and if newspeople are forced to reveal the identity of them, it could ruin their investigation.
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Why do reporters think shield laws are important?
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It keeps relations with their client confidential
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What does personality theory suggest about the content of the news?
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It suggest that news content is based on personality and social background.
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What does organization theory suggest about the content of the news?
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It suggests that the content of the news focuses on the impact of organizational goals on the behaviors of members of news production organizations. Colleagues and settings strongly influence newspeople. Every news organizations has its own internal power structure that develops from the interaction of owners, journalists, news sources, audiences, advertisers, and government authorities
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Who are the main sources of information in most political news reports?
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.....f
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When is the best time for an administration to release information that reflects unfavorably on them? Why?
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.....f
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Graber argues that the demand for stories about familiar people and places produces “circular effects.” What does she mean?
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......f
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What are psuedo-crises?
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Events that the press treats as crises because that makes them interesting news stories.
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Identify the three stages of crisis coverage?
Describing the event in great detail Placing the crisis in a boarder context. -------stage 3 Correcting errors made during the third phase of the crisis. Correcting errors made during the first phase of the crisis. -----stage 2 Announcing that a crisis or disaster has occurred. ----stage 1 |
Answers there
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Which type of media is best at transmitting specific factual information?
Print media Television Radio Internet None of the above |
Print Media
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Why do researchers tend to credit the print media with conveying more information than television?
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Because most tests of learning from the media focus on the kinds of facts that the print media emphasize
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Where do high school students get most of their information about important political issues (e.g., race, economy, war, etc.)?
Mass media Family Friends Teachers |
Mass Media
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Why do people consume information they disagree with?
It’s too difficult to avoid. They are curious about the alternative perspective. They enjoy listening to people with whom they agree. They don’t notice that they disagree with it. All of the above. |
They don’t notice that they disagree with it.
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Identify a presentation feature in television news that signals to the public that an issue is important.
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Usually the presentations at the beginning of a telecast or when it is considered “breaking news”
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Identify a presentation feature in newspapers that signals to the public that an issue is important.
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If it is on the front page and there is a big heading.
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When individuals rely on prior beliefs to process new information, their response is referred to as….
media-determined perceiver-determined. stimulus-determined. cognitive blending. blended cognition. |
perceiver-determined.
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When individuals do not rely on prior beliefs to process new information, their response is referred to as….
media-determined perceiver-determined. stimulus-determined. cognitive blending. blended cognition. |
stimulus-determined.
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People who watched a lot of fictionalized crime dramas (e.g., CSI, Law and Order, etc.) are…..
not more likely than non-viewers to fear being a victim of crime. more likely than non-viewers to fear being a victim of crime. more cynical of law enforcement than non-viewers. less cynical of law enforcement than non-viewers. Are more susceptible to agenda setting effects than non-viewers. |
,,,,,,f
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Since 1990, the number of specialized news outlets has…
increased dramatically increased slightly remained unchanged. decreased slightly decreased dramatically. |
increased dramatically
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What is a “linkage” institution?
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Organizations that let elected officials know the preferences of their citizens.
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Identify two groups that functioned as linkage institutions, prior to the ascendance of the mass media.
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Interest groups and political parties
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What characteristic would we expect to see in a media that maximizes elite persuasion or manipulation?
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A media system that conveys more official information to the masses than messages from the citizenry to elected officials
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What characteristic would we expect to see in a media that maximizes democratic accountability?
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A media system that conveys less official information to the masses than messages from the citizenry to elected officials.
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What is the major assumption of the mirror model?
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Mass media play a limited role in political communication between government and citizens.
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According to the Public Advocate model, what should be the directionality of the information conveyed by the mass media?
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To inform, entertain, enlighten and debate on public affairs for the citizens.
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Who controlled the content of newspapers during the era of the party press?
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Competing political factions
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What was the content of the commercial newspapers that developed after the American Revolution?
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Focused primarily on shipping and trading news
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In what way did the content of the penny press differ from other newspapers published during the same period?
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The penny press had news to suit the interests of the less educated but literate. It provided news towards the masses, not just the elite.
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In what way did the funding stream of the penny press differ from other newspapers published during the same period?
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The penny press was subsidized by advertising revenue.
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What was the primary motivation for journalists to start producing more “objective” news coverage?
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The political system was opening up, with the vote extending to propertyless males, the shift to the electoral college for presidential elections, and the political elites were being replaced by national political leaders with more diverse backgrounds. Population of people voting grew dramatically, so to grow in size journalists needed to be more objective because they realized if they reflected a partisan bias, they would secure fewer readers.
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How did the establishment of the Associated Press contribute to the increased objectivity in news reporting?
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The establishment of the Associated Press and its reliance on the telegraph, which disseminated the news to a larger number of widely dispersed cities, contributed to increased objectivity partly to appeal to more diverse audiences from different parts of the country and also because the telegraph system charged by the word.
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What is “yellow journalism”?
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“A genre of press attitudes and behavior highlighting sensationalism and emotion-laden copy in pursuit of more and more readers”
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What is “narrowcasting”?
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The development of media targeting more specialized and fragmented audiences
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According to the author, which of the models listed below does the best job of explaining variations in the content of the news?
Objective Fact (Mirror) model Neutral Adversary model Public Advocate model Profit-Seeker model Propagandist model |
Profit-Seeker model
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As a result of the emphasis on timeliness in determining what qualifies as news,
journalists are forced to rush stories in order to meet their deadlines. there is less time available to double check sources, leading to more errors. economic reports prominently displayed more often than political news. the historical context of enduring social problems is often ignored. the propagandist models cannot explain variations in news content. |
the historical context of enduring social problems is often ignored.
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According to Gans, how are ordinary people usually presented in the news?
As uneducated and but well-intentioned. In their workplace environment. As statistics In an extremely negative light. As followers rather than leaders. |
As statistics
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According to Ben Bagdikian, the mass media is dominated by _______corporations.
1 2 4 5 6 |
6
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6
As it pertains to the Internet, the authors argue that the ___________ effect has not been convincingly demonstrated. latency psychoactive substitution crowding out subliminal |
substitution
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As a result of the increased corporate ownership of the news media,
foreign affairs coverage has increased. coverage of domestic news was reduced but foreign affairs coverage was unchanged. newscasters were replaced by attractive “talking heads” with little or no training as journalists. foreign bureaus as well as news coverage were significantly reduced. Newspapers began to rely on FOX News for coverage of foreign affairs. |
foreign bureaus as well as news coverage were significantly reduced.
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Journalists tend to be all of the following except.
white male educated liberal Protestant |
liberal
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Which of the following is NOT true: The use of “beats”
advantages interest groups that are well-organized. can serve a legitimizing functioning for those in power. encourages journalists to establish closer relationships with their sources. creates turf wars between journalists. gives journalists a great deal of control over the content of the news. |
can serve a legitimizing functioning for those in power.
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The ability of the media to influence the issues and traits citizens use to evaluate political leaders is an example of a ______________ effect.
agenda setting framing episodic framing thematic framing priming |
priming
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The ____________ agenda refers to issues that citizens, in the aggregate, believe to be most important
public civic broadcast latent collective |
public
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One of the major limitations of most content analyses is the tendency to…
take political leaders at their word. ignorance the possibility of interaction effects. focus on written or verbal information. emphasize cognition and disregard. emphasize emotion and disregard cognition. |
focus on written or verbal information.
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a unit of analysis?
Individual letters (e.g. A, B, C,…Z) words sentences paragraphs stories |
Individual letters
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Which of the following CANNOT be used to measure the institutional agenda?
The number of bills about a topic introduced in subcommittee. The length of speeches on a topic made during full committee hearings. The number of floor votes on a topic made during committee meetings. The number of committee hearings on a topic All of these are acceptable means of measuring the institutional agenda. |
All of these are acceptable means of measuring the institutional agenda.
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What is the difference between sociotropic voting and pocketbook voting?
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Sociotropic voting occurs when individuals’ retrospective judgements about the economic conditions of the nation affect their evaluations of the incumbents, while pocketbook occurs when their evaluation of how well they are personally doing affect their evaluations of incumbents.
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Which group does not seem to agree with the general assessment that government officials have the edge in the news production process?
Television reporters Print reporters National journalists Editors and publishers Government officials. |
.......f
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Journalists’ capacity to write critically about their primary news sources (i.e., government officials) has ___________ ?
increased over the last twenty or thirty years. remained unchanged over the last twenty or thirty years. decreased over the last twenty or thirty years. lead to an increased reliance on anonymous sources. has been constrained by new forms of storytelling. |
increased over the last twenty or thirty years.
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On which source of information are most television news stories most reliant?
Law enforcement Elected officials. Print sources The wire services Anonymous sources. |
The wire services
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What is the “inverted pyramid” style of reporting?
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The convention of reporting the most important facts in a news story first and presenting the rest in declining order of significance
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