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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the 2 ways of making polyesters |
Condensation Addition |
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What does an addition reaction involve? |
Opening of a double bond Polymer is the only product |
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What does a condensation reaction involve? |
Monomers with 2 suitable functional groups Forms polymer and small molecule |
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Hydrolysis of an amide in alkali conditions |
carboxylate ion and amine |
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Hydrolysis of a primary amide in acid conditions and water |
carboxylic acid and ammonia cation |
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Hydrolysis of a secondary amide in acid conditions and water |
carboxylic acid and amine salt |
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Hydrolysis of an ester in alkali conditions |
salt of carboxylic acid and alcohol |
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Hydrolysis of an ester in acid conditions |
Carboxylic acid and alcohol |
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Structure of an amine |
R-NH2 |
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What makes amines soluble and act as bases |
Lone pair |
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Why are larger alkyl group amines unable to break hydrogen bonds in water |
Enthalpy change to break hydrogen bonds in water is greater than the enthalpy to form new intermolecular bonds between the alkyl group and water |
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Why is amine a base |
Lone pair can take part in dative bonding and can accept H+ making it a base Amines are alkaline in solution due to the presence of hydroxide ions |
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Amide structure |
ROC-NH2 carboxylic acid with -OH replaced with NH2 |
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Making an amide |
Acyl chloride + ammonia |
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Making a secondary amide |
Acyl chloride + amine |
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What is nylon |
A polyamide |
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Amino acid structure |
H2N-CHR-COOH |
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What is a zwitterion |
Where a molecule reacts with itself causing positively and negatively charged groups |
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Optical isomerism? |
Mirror image and rotate causes different isomeric forms. Amino acids have 2 isomeric forms |
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Making proteins |
NH2 reacts with COOH forming O=C-NH Forms a peptide link Condensation reaction |
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3 structures of proteins |
primary- amino acids secondary- coiling into a helix or forming a sheet tertiary- folding of secondary |
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How is a secondary structure held together |
Hydrogen bonds between -NH and -C=O |
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How is a tertiary structure held together |
Intermolecular- non polar (C and H) Hydrogen- polar (OH and HON7) Ionic- ionisable (NH2 and COOH) Covalent- SH forming S-S links |
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How do catalysts work |
R groups from amino acids bind to the substrate Usually hydrogen bonds or interactions between ionic groups |
