Polymers

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Giant molecules that are made up by the linkage of simpler molecules (monomers) by a polymerization reaction into essentially endless chain structures.

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polymer

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It occur naturally, but the majority which are used commercially are manufactured from simple monomers.

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polymer

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What are the 3 most well known natural polymers?

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1. proteins (polymers of amino acids)

2. nucleic acids (polymers of ribose or deoxyribose sugars with attached purine or pyrimidine bases)

3. glucose (starch, glycogen, cellulose)

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What type of polymers were originally derived from natural polymers: protein, nucleic acids, glucose?

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synthetic polymer

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what is the first commercially successful synthetic polymer which was first practically molded as a substitute for ivory in billiard balls?

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cellulose nitrate

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In the nitration of cellulose, [C6H7O2(OH)3].xH2O, produces mixtures of cellulose trinitrate, called? and cellulose dinitrate?

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cellulose trinitrate: GUNCOTTON

cellulose dinitrate: PYROXYLIN

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Who discovered that pyroxylin, when mixed with camphor, becomes a thermoplastic, a substance which can be molded when heated?

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John Wesley Hyatt

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It is explosive and its use in motion picture film and in billiard balls occasionally produced spectacularly inflammable incidents which was soon replaced it with cellulose acetate.

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cellulose nitrate

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It was developed in the United States by the Belgian-born chemist Leo Baeckeland while searching for a substitute for varnish shellac.

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Phenol (C6H5OH)-formaldehyde resins

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Heating these resins under pressure gave soft solids which could be molded and then hardened; they were both safe and economical. These early polymers have now been replaced by others based on simpler monomers.

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Phenol (C6H5OH)-formaldehyde resins

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The polymer industry is normally divided into three (3) areas on the basis of the type of product manufactured. What are these?

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1. synthetic plastics

2. man-made textile fibers

3. synthetic rubber.

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a molecule, made from joining together many small molecules called monomers

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polymer

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a large molecule or a macromolecule which essentially is a combination of many subunits

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polymer

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a naturally occurring biopolymer to polypropylene which is used throughout the world as plastic

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strand of DNA

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What type of polymers can be naturally found in plants and animals?

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natural polymers

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What type of polymers that is made by man?

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synthetic polymer

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Polymers are all created by the process of polymerization wherein their constituent elements called? and are reacted together to form polymer chains i.e 3-dimensional networks forming the polymer bonds.

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monomers

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2 Classification of Polymers based on ORIGIN

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1. Natural Polymers

2. Synthetic Polymer

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They occur naturally and are found in plants and animals. For example proteins, starch, cellulose, and rubber.

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Natural Polymer

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What do you call thề biodegradable polymers?

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biopolymers

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These are man-made polymers.

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Synthetic polymers

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What is the the most common and widely used synthetic polymer. It is used in industries and various dairy products. For example, nylon-6, 6, polyether‟s etc?

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plastic

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2 Classification of Polymers based on CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

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1. Homopolymer

2. Copolymer

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What polymer which consists of one type of monomer?

Examples: polyethelyne, polystyrene, etc.

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Homopolymer

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What polymer which is derived from more than one type of monomer?

Examples: polyethelyne-vinyl acetate (PEVA), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)

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Copolymer

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3 Classification of Polymers based on POLYMERIC STRUCTURE

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1. LINEAR polymer

2. BRANCHED-CHAIN polymer

3. CROSS-LINKED polymer

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The structure of polymers containing LONG and STRAIGHT chains fall into this category. PVC, i.e. poly-vinyl chloride is largely used for making pipes and electric cables is an example of this type of polymer based on polymeric structure.

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LINEAR

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When linear chains of a polymer form branches, then, such polymers are categorized as?

Example: Low- density polythene.

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BRANCHED-CHAIN

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They are composed of bifunctional and trifunctional monomers. They have a stronger covalent bond in comparison to other linear polymers.

Ex: Bakelite and melamine

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CROSS-LINKED

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2 Classification of Polymers based on ARRANGEMENT OF MONOMERS

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1. Block polymer

2. Graft polymer

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It consists of relatively long sequences of identical monomer units.

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Block polymer

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It is a branched polymer whose backbone is formed from one type of monomer and branches are formed from other type of monomer.

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Graft polymer

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3 Classification of Polymers based on TACTICITY

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1. ISOTACTIC polymer

2. SYNDIOTACTIC polymer

3. ATACTIC polymer

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it is the orientation of monomer units in a polymer molecule with respect to the main chain

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tacticity

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What type of polymer where the side groups of the polymer lie on the same side of the chain based on tacticity?

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isotactic

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What type of polymer where the side groups of the polymer are arranged in an alternate manner based on tacticity?

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syndiotactic

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What type of polymer where the side groups are arranged in an irregular or random manner around the main chain based on tacticity?

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atactic

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2 Classification of Polymers based on thermal behavior

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1. THERMOPLASTICS

2. THERMOSETS

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What type of polymers which are easily softened upon heating based on thermal behaviour?

Examples: Acrylic, PVC, Polypropylene, Polystyrene, Teflon

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Thermoplastics

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What type of polymers which change irreversibly into hard and rigid materials on heating and cannot be reshaped?

Examples: Melamine Formaldehyde, Bakelite, Epoxy Resin

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Thermosets

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2 Classification of Polymers based on molecular forces

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1. Elastomers

2. Fibers

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What type of polymers which can be easily stretched by applying small stress based on molecular forces?

Examples: Natural rubber (Polyisoprene), Synthetic rubbers

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elastomers

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2 Classification of Polymers based on modes of synthesis

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1. Addition polymers

2. Condensation polymers

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What type of polymers are formed when same monomers are added – these monomers are usually alkenes (hydrocarbons that contain double bonds) based on modes of synthesis ?

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ADDITION polymers

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What type of polymers are formed when two monomers react with the elimination of smaller molecule (usually water, ammonia, methanol, or hydrogen chloride) based on modes of synthesis ?

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CONDENSATION polymer

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What are sources of natural polymers?

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plants and animals

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What are the sources of natural polymer in plants?

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1. cellulose

2. starch

3. rubber

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It is a polymer made up of long strands of glucose, which is also called the “polysaccharide”. It is abundantly found in plants which give plants their sturdy structure.

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cellulose

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It is an another polymer made up of glucose monomer units. It is made up by plants for them to store energy. It is a combination of “amylose” and ”amylopectin”.

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starch

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It is a polymer that is obtained as a milky white fluid known as latex from a tropical tree. It is made up of Isoprene monomer units.

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rubber

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What are the sources of natural polymer in animals?

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1. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

2. Proteins

3. Silk

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Polymer made up of monomer units called “nucleotides”. It is found in nearly all living cells.

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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

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4 Nucleotides (nucleic acid) that form our DNA

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1. Thymine

2. Cytosine

3. Guanine

4. Adenine

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It is the section of the DNA that codes for a protein is called the genes. It also make all the enzymes needed to carry out the reaction in our bodies.

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Genes

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It is a polymers made up of amino acids bonded together to create a long chain. It also make up our hair and muscles.

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Protein

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10 Essential Amino Acids

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1. Arginine

2. Histidine

3. Isoleucine

4. Leucine

5. Lysine

6. Methionine

7. Phenylalanine

8. Threonine

9. Tryptophan

10. Valine

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It is a kind of protein produced by silkworms to make their cocoon. It is also used for the production of cloth.

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Silk

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2 Other Natural Polymers

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1. Lignin

2. Chitin

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What polymer is found in trees, together with cellulose, and makes trees rigid?

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Lignin

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It is a polymer which composes the exoskeleton of crustaceans such as crabs and shrimps. It is also found in the cell wall of fungi like mushrooms.

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Chitin

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These polymers are mostly derived from petroleum/crude oil, and manufactured in factories. Polymers which include fibers, elastomers, and the most commonly encountered are PLASTICS.

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synthetic polymer

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comes from the Greek word “plastikos”, which means “to grow or form”.

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PLASTIC

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7 Types of Plastics

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1. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET or PETE)

Use: Containers of beverages

2. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)

Use: Detergent bottles, Household cleaners for bottles

3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Use: Pipings, Wiring cables

4. Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)

Use: Plastic bags, Packaging for computer hardware, plastic wraps

5. Polypropylene (PP)

Use: Food containers

6. Polystyrene (PS)

Use: Styrocups, styrofoam

7. Other (e.g. Polycarbonate (PC), and other plastics not included in 1-6)

Use: Polycarbonate – alternative roofing, spectacle lenses

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Other Synthetic Polymers

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1. Polyvynil Acetate (PVA) - regular glue

2. Ethylcyanoacrylic - superglue

3. Polyactic Acid (PLA) - used to make a biodegradable plastic, also termed as “bioplastic”

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It is a long chain of linked carbon and hydrogen atoms, possible due to the tetravalent nature of carbon and most of the polymers around us made of it?

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hydrocarbon backbone

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What are the polymers that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms?

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1. Polyethylene

2. polypropylene

3. polybutylene

4.polystyrene

5. polymethylpentene

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What kind of polymer has fluorine attached to the all-carbon backbone?

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Teflon

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What are the polymers that is considered as inorganic polymers?

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1) Nylons contain nitrogen atoms in the repeat unit backbone.

2) Polyesters and polycarbonates contain oxygen in the backbone.

3) Silly Putty(silicon-based) have a silicon or phosphorous backbone.

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Physical Properties of Polymer

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▪ As chain length and cross-linking increases the tensile strength of the polymer increases.

▪ Polymers do not melt, they change state from crystalline to semi-crystalline.

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Chemical Properties of Polymer

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▪ Compared to conventional molecules with different side molecules, the polymer is enabled with hydrogen bonding and ionic bonding resulting in better cross-linking strength.

▪ Dipole-dipole bonding side chains enable the polymer for high flexibility.

▪ Polymers with Van der Waals forces linking chains are known to be weak, but give the polymer a low melting point.

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Optical Properties of Polymer

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▪ Due to their ability to change their refractive index with temperature as in the case of PMMA and HEMA: MMA, they are used in lasers for applications in spectroscopy and analytical applications.

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It is also known as polypropylene, and is made up of monomer propene.

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polypropene

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It is an aromatic polymer, naturally transparent, made up of monomer styrene.

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polysterene

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It is a plastic polymer made of monomer vinyl chloride.

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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

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It is a non-transparent plastic obtained by heating formaldehyde and urea.

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urea-formaldehyde resin

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It is made up of monomers ethylene glycol and phthalic acid.

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glyptal

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It is a plastic which is made up of monomers phenol and aldehyde.

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Bakelite or polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride

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What is the process of combining a large number of small molecules to form a single macromolecule is known as?

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polymerization

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The small molecules that act as the building blocks of polymers are called?

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monomers

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Based on the kinds of reactions involved, polymerisation is divided into two groups known as?

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1) addition polymerization

2) condensation polymerization

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It is a process that involves repeated condensation reactions between two different bi-functional or tri-functional monomers.

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condensation polymerization

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What is the process of repeated addition of monomers that possess double or triple bonds to form polymers?

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addition polymerization

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• In this, small monomer units joined to form a giant polymer.

• In each step length of chain increases.

•Also called as chain growth polymerization.

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addition polymerization

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• Small molecules like H2O, CO, NH3 are eliminated during polymerization (step growth polymerization).

• organic compounds containing bifunctional groups such as idols, -dials, diamines, dicarboxylic acids undergo this type of polymerization reaction.

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condensation polymerization

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properties of ADDITION polymerization

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Back (Definition)

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In this process, two different monomers joined to form a polymer. Synthetic rubbers are prepared by this polymerization. For example, BUNA – S.

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copolymerization

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This polymer finds usage in a broad range of industries such as textiles, packaging, stationery, plastics, aircraft, construction, rope, toys, etc.

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polypropene

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• It is one of the most common plastic, actively used in the packaging industry.

•Bottles, toys, containers, trays, disposable glasses and plates, tv cabinets and lids are some of the daily-used products made up of this. It is also used as an insulator.

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Polystyrene

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• important use of this polymer is the manufacture of sewage pipes.

• also used as an insulator in the electric cables.

• used in clothing and furniture

• popular for the construction of doors and windows

• used in vinyl flooring

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polyvinyl chloride

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These polymers are used for making adhesives, moulds, laminated sheets, unbreakable containers, etc.

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urea-formaldehyde resins

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It is used for making paints, coatings, and lacquers.

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glyptal

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It is used for making electrical switches, kitchen products, toys, jewellery, firearms, insulators, computer discs, etc.

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bakelite

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give the MONOMER and USES of: RUBBER

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Monomer: Isoprene (1, 2-methyl 1 – 1, 3- butadiene)

Uses: Making tyres, elastic materials

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give the MONOMER and USES of: BUNA-S

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monomer:

(a) 1, 3-butadiene

(b) Styrene

uses: Synthetic rubber

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give the MONOMER and USES of: BUNA-N

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monomer:

(a) 1, 3-butadiene

(b) Vinyl Cyanide

uses: synthetic rubber

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give the MONOMER and USES of: TEFLON

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monomer: Tetra Flouro Ethane

uses: Non-stick cookware - plastics

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give the MONOMER and USES of: TERYLENE

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monomers:

(a) Ethylene glycol

(b) Terephthalic acid

uses: Fabric

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give the MONOMER and USES of: GLYPTAL

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monomer:

(a) Ethylene glycol

(b) Phthalic acid

uses: Fabric

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give the MONOMER and USES of: BAKELITE

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monomer:

(a) Phenol

(b) Formaldehyde

uses: Plastic switches, Mugs, buckets

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give the MONOMER and USES of: PVC

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monomer: Vinyl Cyanide

uses: tube, pipes

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give the MONOMER and USES of: MELAMINE FORMALDEHYDE RESIN

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monomer:

(a) Melamine

(b) Formaldehyde

uses: ceramic plastic material

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give the MONOMER and USES of: NYLON-6

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monomer: Caprolactum

uses: fabric