Poly Sci Ch. 3

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federal system

Back 1

system of government where the national government and state governments share power, derive all authority from the people, and the powers of the government are specified in a Constitution

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confederation

Back 2

type of government where the national government derives its powers from the states; a league of independent states

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unitary system

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system of government where the local and regional governments derive all authority from a strong national government

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enumerated powers

Back 4

specific powers granted to Congress under Article I, secion 8, of the Constitution; these powers include taxation, coinage of money, regulation of commerce, and the authority to provide for a national defense

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necessary and proper clause

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the final paragraph of Article I, section 8, of the constitution, which gives Congress the authority to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out the enumerated powers specified in the Constitution; also called the elastic clause

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implied powers

Back 6

powers derived from enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause. These powers are not stated specifically but are considered to be reasonably implied through the exercise of delegated powers

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supremacy clause

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portion of article vi of the Constitution mandating that national law is supreme to all other laws passed by the states or by any other subdivision of government

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10th Amendment

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final part of the Bill of Rights that defines the basic principle of American federalism in state; "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people"

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Concurrent Powers

Back 9

Authority possessed by both the state and national governments that may be exercised concurrently as long as that power is not exclusively within the scope of national power or in conflict with national law

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ex post facto law

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law that makes an act punishable as a crime even if the action was legal at the time it was committed

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full faith and credit clause

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section of article iv of the constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in any other state

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privileges and immunities clause

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part of article iv of the constitution guaranteeing that the citizens of each state are afforded the same rights as citizens of all other states

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extradition clause

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part of article iv of the constitution that requires states to extradite, or return, criminals to states where they have been convicted or are to stand trial

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interstate compacts

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contracts between states that carry the force of law; generally now used as a tool to address multi state policy concerns

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dual federalism

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the belief that having separate and equally powerful state and national governments is the best arrangement

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16th Amendment

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authorized Congress to enact a national income tax

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17th Amendment

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made senators directly elected by the people; removed their selection from state legislatures

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cooperative federalism

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the intertwined relationship between the national, state and local governments that began with the new deal

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categorical grant

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money given to states by the federal government that were to be used for specific purposes

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New Federalism

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federal-state relationship proposed by Reagan administration during the 1980's; hallmark is returning administrative powers to the state governments

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block grant

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broad grant with few strings attached; given to states by the federal government for general categories of activity, such as secondary education or health services

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preemption

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allowing the national government to override state or local actions in certain areas

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sovereign immunity

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the right of a state to be free from a lawsuit unless it gives permission to the suit. Under the 11th amendment, all states are considered sovereign