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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Khartoum Conference
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In Khartoum, Sudan at the end of August 1967. Heads of Arab states convened to find negotiating leverage against Israeli aggression. Nasser and King Faysal resolved their differences over Yemen. Subsidies to Egypt and Jordan were approved. Arab states agreed to unite political efforts on a diplomatic level in order to ensure the withdrawal of the aggressive Israeli forces from the Arab lands which were occupied.
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Security council Resolution 242
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November 22, 1947. The official basis of negotiating efforts as of present. Addressed the “inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war and the need to work for a just and lasting peace in which every state in the area can live in security.: Called for the “withdrawal of Israel from territories occupied in the recent conflict”
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Palestinian Factions and the PLO
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Palestinian resistance was becoming fragmented. Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) was formed in December of 1967. Arab National Movement was active in the 1960s. Factions were conflicting in both ideological and tactical ways
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Rogers Plan
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Created by Secretary of State William Rogers on December 9, 1969. Called for nearly full Israeli withdrawal in return for an indirectly negotiated mutual recognition of sovereignty via United Nations auspices. Infuriated the Israeli’s.
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Nixon-Kissinger Regionalism
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Balanced détente and confrontation , using the latter to encourage the former with respect to trade and diplomacy. Kissinger believed diplomacy in the Middle East should await the moment when the US could dominate the negotiating process and exclude the Soviets. Didn’t want to undermine American power by working with the Soviets. Lead to an impasse.
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1973 Arab War
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Kissinger had taken full control of American Foreign Policy in 1972 and instituted linkage. US-Soviet communications had unintended consequences. Slowed arms dealings with Egypt, which put Egypt at a disadvantage because of the ongoing US aid from Israel. [1973 October/Yom Kippur War]
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US Diplomacy During 1973 War
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War moved through several stages, with victories and defeats on both sides. Kissinger intended to preserve minor Egyptian military presence in Sinai. Established framework while taking these circumstances in account. Led to increased tensions on both sides. Kissinger’s policy was to rely on Israeli soldiers to maintain peace in the Middle East.
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Camp David Exchanges
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Lasted from September 5-18, 1978. Resulted in 2 agreements. One established arrangements for determining the future of West Bank. And the Gaza strip. The other comprised principles whereby and Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty would be formulated to ratify the conclusion hostilities and the establishment
Of normal relations between the 2 countries. |
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Egyptian- Israeli Peace Treaty: The Carter Legacy
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Signed march 1979. Sadat agreed to an exchange of ambassadors and full diplomatic relations before Israel had completed its withdrawal from the Sinai; latter introduced the period of departure from 3-5 years
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Reagan Administration and the anti-Communist Crusade
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Secretary of State Alex Haig hoped to align Israel with conservative Arab states against communist threats. Wanted to create an “anti-Soviet defense system” The strategic consensus ignored Arab-Israeli hostility.
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West Bank
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Since 1948, Jordan and Israel have tried to erase Palestine’s affiliation with the West Bank. Comprised most of the land allotted to Palestine in the 1947 Partition Plan. Good agricultural land. Oriental Jews seized the land.
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Sharon’s vision of the West Bank
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Upon assuming power in 1977, Sharon took the “offensive to stem the hold on foreigners on state lands. Wanted to eliminate all West Bank Arabs living in Israel, identified them as alien to the Jewish state. Expanded Jewish settlements in Gaza and West Bank.
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Phalange-Likud Alliance
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In the end of 1980, Bashir Gemayel and the Phalange Militia established dominance over the Maronite Military forces in Lebanon. Israel’s West Bank strategy paralleled Lebanon invasion. Isreal Likud party aligned with the Phalanges upon the “missile war” with Syria.
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Israel invasion of Lebanon 1981-1982
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Sharon intended to destroy the PLO infrastructure and leadership. This would mean attacking West Behruit, the location of the PLO headquarters. Sharon intended to drive the Syrians out of Lebanon, which would ensure the presidency of Gemayel, who would sign a peace treaty with Israel. Sharon visited Lebanon in 1981 and coordinated the attack to drive Syrians out.
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US Intervention and the Reagan Plan
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Whitehouse approved of Israel’s objective to remove PLO from peace talks, but disapproved at Israel’s means of doing so (costing civilian lives) Haig was forced to resign. Reagan plan called for a freeze on Israeli settlements on the West Bank and denied Israeli claims over sovereignty of either that area or Gaza. Rejected a Palestinian state, but called for Palestinian autonomy. Called for the withdrawal of Resolution 242, except for West Bank and Gaza.
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America’s Lebanon Policy (1982-1984)
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After the Sabra and Shatilla Massacre, US declared that the Palestinians were fully justified in seeking a place in which they can identify. Tried to convince Israel that they would have to cede territory in order to in order to gain peace in accordance with Resolution 242. Deployed troops as part of a multi-national force.
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Lebanon Postscript (1984-2006)
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Remained in chaos since the departure of troops in 1984. Rival gangs continually fought for control, and often foiled peace negotiations. Maronites retained presidency.
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Husayn-Arafat Accord (1985)
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Diplomatic bargaining intensified in 1985, as did efforts to derail the process. Husayn and Arafat issued a joint call for a Palestinian state on the West Bank. Israel would withdrawal from occupied territories in return for peace. Husayn would have liked to regain West Bank without Arafat, but needed alliance with the PLO.
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Roots of the 1st Intifada
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Intifada was a spontaneous eruption of hatred and frustration. On December 8, 1987, an Israeli tank-transport truck crashed into several Arab cars in Gaza, killing 4 Palestinians. Demonstrations erupted afterwards. Palestinians upset over the forced humiliations they witnessed daily by Israelis. Rabin escalated the practice of administrative detention, where Palestinians could be held up to six months without trial. Changed the perspectives of young Arabs, who now were empowered to not be victims to Jewish terrorism.
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Gaza Strip
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Conditions of the Gaza strip have been harsh. Was largely made up of refugee camps. Is 1/15 size of West Bank, but has 70% of the Palestinian population. The strips population was very young (50% under age 14). Became a major source of cheap labor for Israel before the intifada. Has since had a long tradition of opposing Israeli rule.
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Perspectives of the 1st intifada (1987-1989)
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ISRAEL: interpreted the intifada in light of preconceptions of Arab protest. Rabin considered it a form of terrorism. Believed Arabs understood force, and nothing else. Violence was acceptable. PALESTINIAN RESPONSE: Two sides, popular resistance to the Israeli oppression and an offer of coexistence once a Palestinian state was created. Both sides had the same goal of getting rid of Israeli domination.
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Intifada and the Islamic Resistance
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Islamic resistance to Israel intensified in the early 1980s with the creation of the Islamic jihad. Leaders were inspired by Egyptian Islamic organizations. The Jihadist groups Gaza, broke off from the Muslim Brotherhood.
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The First Gulf Crisis
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Iraq threatened to invade Kuwait unless it agreed to raise oil prices. Kuwait didn’t, Iraq invaded. UN positioned troops in Kuwait to protect the oil that would be exported.
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Madrid talks (1991-1993)
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Consisted of 9 rounds before pre-empted by the Palestinian Accord of September 1993. Historic in that participants were engaging in official direct negotiations for the 1st time. Based on Resolution 242, 338, and Camp David Accords. Introduced the idea of “interim’ stages of peace.
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1993 Oslo Accord
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Introduced independently of Madrid talks without American involvement. Two aspects: the Declaration of Principles (DOP) and the letters of mutual recognition. PLO recognized “the right to a State of Israel to exist in peace and security” and accepted Resolutions 242 and 338.
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East Jerusalem Settlements
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Avoidance of East Jerusalem was crucial for Oslo. Jews considered Jerusalem to be their capital, and Arabs considered East Jerusalem to be their capital.
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Oslo 2
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Specified the powers and responsibilities of the Palestinian Authority (PA). Called for the West Bank to be divided in to areas A, B, C. In area A, Palestinian would have full authority over security. Palestinian Authority would have control over area B, area C would still be left to be decided on.
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Rabin Assassination
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Assassinated at a victory parade by ultra-orthodox extremist settlers. His widow accused Likud party leaders of creating the hostile atmosphere that lead to her husbands death. Lead to increased tensions and essentially undid the peace progress from the Oslo accord.
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Netanyahu Government (1996-1999)
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Netanyahu was the product of a Revisionist Zionist household. He condemned the Oslo accords and sought to avoid the implementation. Pledged to not hand over any more land to the Arabs. Was openly hostile to Arafat.
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Hebron Agreements (1997)
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Divided Hebron in to 2 areas: H1, and H2. H1, the larger area, was given to the Palestinians. H2 was given to the Palestinian council, but Israel soldiers retained responsibility for Jewish residents.
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Mashal Affair
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Netanyahu ordered the assassination of Khalid Mashal. Soldiers failed to kill him. Israel agents were jailed, and Husayn was left uninformed of the plan. Nearly cut all ties of Israel and Jordan. Humiliated Husayn, whose subjects already felt that he was too tolerant of Israeli settlement expansion.
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Camp David 2000
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Palestinians were offered 66% of the West Bank. Israel would retain major settlement blocs that would cut into West Bank settlements, and Israel would have control of land from Jerusalem to the Jordan River.
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The Second Intifada
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Sharon staged a visit to Temple Mount accompanied by nearly 1,000 police and media personnel. Appearance was designed to discredit Barak and the Palestinian Authority. Uprising began Palestinians threw rocks and burned tires to protest Sharon’s visit. Isreal combated definitions with live ammunition. Triggered Palestinian armed response.
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Neoconservative Vision of a US-Israeli Alliance
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Neo-Cons supported an Israeli retention of West Bank because of Evangelical ties. Neoconservatives were eager to achieve American global dominance. Sought to “Spread democracy”
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Rose Garden Address 2002
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George W. Bush called for a regime change in Palestine. Was the 1st time in US Foreign Policy that an American President declared openly that the outcome of envisioned changes would involve an established Palestine state.
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Road Map
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Three phases: Phase 1 would involve Palestinian leadership to issue a statement regarding Israel’s right to exist. Phase 2 would involve Israel to acknowledge a 2 state solution. Phase 3 would be to cease violence.
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