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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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British White Paper
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-1939
-Stated that it is not the British Policy that Palestine should become a Jewish State -Set limitation of Jewish Immigration to 75,000 over 5 years -Transfers of Arabs to Jews severely restricted -Foresees establishment of independent Palestine -Favorable to Arabs, Zionists had mixed reactions- we're happy to be recognized, but didn't like the immigration quotas |
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Terrorism
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-Use of terror, threats, or violence from governmental or non-governmental agencies for political gain
-Not only in the Middle East, : Ireland (Christian and Protestant War), Nazi Germany under Hitler -relationships and finances cross boundaries |
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Motives behind Terrorism
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-Bring attention to Political causes
-Send messages to opposing governments -Facilitate communication with other terrorist groups -Set up training camps -Spread ideology to gain support |
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Reasons for Islamic Resurgence
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-Social justice fighting for fairness and justice (very small % turn to violence)
-Fighting against corrupt governments -Desire to return to early Muslim community of the prophet and companions -Religion is a powerful motivating element -Wahabi movements in the Arabian Penninsula |
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Hassan Al Banna
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-1906-1949
-Formed the Muslim Brotherhood -"Brothers" fought against British ships entering the Suez Canal -Very against Western Imperialism |
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Mawlana Abul Ala Mawdudi
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-1903-1979
-Born in the Indian sub-continent (before Pakistan broke away from India) -Ideology very much like Banna- convince the public to accept Islam without using violence |
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The Muslim Brotherhood
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-Founded in 1928 by Hassan al-Banna, a school teacher
-Banna was very skilled at activism and mass organization -Has a strong leadership structure -Worked on youth and women's activities -Targeted Unions and Factories -By the late '40s, was a major power in Egypt's political and religious institutions -Was a secret organization that carried out attacks on the British -Was banned after the assassination attempt on Nasser -Many Brotherhood members imprisoned in 1954 |
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Ideology of Al Banna and Mawdudi in regards to Islam (1-5)
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1- Islam provides an all embracing ideology for individuals, state, and society
2- The Quran, and the Sunnah of the prophet are the foundation for Muslim life 3- Qur'anic concept of a return to the fundamentals of Islam, and the reform preached by the prophets to warn their sinful communities to return to God's path by living within shari'a norms 4- Islamic law (the Shari'a)- based on the Quran and the prophet's behavior should control Muslim life: To impose Shari'a is very difficult, even for very devout Muslims. The punishment from wrongdoing is very harsh 5- Faithfulness to Islam and implementation of God's law brings success, power, and wealth to the Islamic community |
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Ideology of Al Banna and Mawdudi in regards to Islam (6-11)
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6- Weakness and subservience of Muslim society must be due to faithfulness of Muslim
7- Restoration of Muslim pride and power requires return to Islam and God's law 8- Tajid (renewal): Haddith that states that God will send a renewal (mujaddid) at the beginnin of each century to restore true Islamic practice, regenerate the ummah (which strays off the path over time) 9- Science and Technology must be used within the guidelines of Islam 10- Muslims must avoid Westernization and secularization of Muslim society 11- Islam is the answer to all Muslim needs-- it provides the answer and solution to every problem |
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Features of the Islamic Renewal according to Banna and Mawdudi
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A- removal or foreign (un-Islamic) historical accretions or unwarranted innovations that have corrupted the community
B- Critique of established institutions, especially the religious establishment's interpretations of Islam C- Goal was not to accomodate new ideas, but to get back or re-appropriate the unique and complete vision of Islam from its revealed sources) |
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Militant Isalmic Revivalism: Sayyid Qutb (1906-66)
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-Same ideological world view as Banna and Mawdudi
-Islamic revivalism became more combative during the 1950s-60s as a result of confrontation between the Brotherhood and the government -Sayyid Qutb stands out as the architect of radical Islam -Qutb transformed the ideas of AL Banna and Mawdudi into rejectionist revolutionary call to arms -Qutb is considered as a martyr of Islamic revivalism |
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Osama Bin Laded (1954-2011)
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-The most famous militant terrorist
-Active in terrorist groups since 1988 - Several months after being expelled from Sudan, Bin Laden issues his "Declaration of War against the Americans ho occupy the Land of the Two Holy Mosques." -It reads in part: "Muslims burn with anger at Americca. For its own good. America should leave [Saudi Arabia]... There is no more important duty than pushing the American enemy out of the holy land" |
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Osama bin Laden vs. US
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-When Hussein invaded Kuwait, Saudi's became very unclear about their future. They couldn't match Hussein's defense. Saudi's went to America for help.
-Bin Laden didn't like troops in the Holy Land -Declared fatwa against the US -Wanted Saudi Arabia to be an Islamic regime |
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Terrorist profile
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-Young
-Very religious (some groups aren't as much) - Unemployed or underemployed -Had a bad experience by Israeli settlers. Have been captured, tortured, imprisoned, or someone in their family has -Largely Men. There has been some women suicide bombers -Majority have no criminal record -Little evidence of mental illness -VERY LOYAL, willing to sacrifice themselves -Main mission is to establish justice-do so to be targeting countries who they label as unjust (Israel and US) |
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Al-Queda post Osama Bin Laden Death
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-The death of Osama Bin Laden in Abbottabad, Pakistan is an important military, political, and psychological sucess in the war against terrorism: for President Obama, for US Military, for the American people, and for the West.
-It sent a message to the leaders and the ideologists of terrorist groups that in the end, they will always pay a high price. -2nd in command of Al-Quedais Ayman Zawahiri -Far more "prickly" than bin Laden. A medical doctor. Was part of the Muslim Brotherhood and was once captured and imprisoned in Egypt (lead to terrorist organizing) |
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Struggle for Middle East in Interwar Period
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-Between WW1 and WW2, Middle East was under wester colonization (French, British, etc)
-Once they became independent, they could make their own decisions regarding peace and security issues -US was a newcomer to the world scene post WW2 -WW2 devastated Europe, British, France, and Germany were defeated and could no longer be a dominant world power (US and Soviets dominant) |
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US interest in the Middle East in the Post WW2 period
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-US was the new emerging power, created a huge ideological divide with the opposing power of the Soviet Union (Communism)
-We saw the Soviet Union as wanting to spread their "Godless" ideology through the Middle East, feared a domino effect |
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Al-Queda post Osama Bin Laden Death
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-The death of Osama Bin Laden in Abbottabad, Pakistan is an important military, political, and psychological sucess in the war against terrorism: for President Obama, for US Military, for the American people, and for the West.
-It sent a message to the leaders and the ideologists of terrorist groups that in the end, they will always pay a high price. -2nd in command of Al-Quedais Ayman Zawahiri -Far more "prickly" than bin Laden. A medical doctor. Was part of the Muslim Brotherhood and was once captured and imprisoned in Egypt (lead to terrorist organizing) |
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Benefits of Middle Eastern allies
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-Economic regionalist agreements
-Protection of Israel, which US had invested interest in -Keeping the Soviet Union completely out of the MIddle East (primary foreign policy issue with the MIddle East) -OIL! |
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Baghdad Pact
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-1955
-US tried to tell the MIddle Eastern countries that if they joined the Baghdad Pact, which avoided Soviet Union penetration of communism, they would receive economic and military aid as long as they didn't use it against Israel |
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Struggle for Middle East in Interwar Period
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-Between WW1 and WW2, Middle East was under wester colonization (French, British, etc)
-Once they became independent, they could make their own decisions regarding peace and security issues -US was a newcomer to the world scene post WW2 -WW2 devastated Europe, British, France, and Germany were defeated and could no longer be a dominant world power (US and Soviets dominant) |
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US interest in the Middle East in the Post WW2 period
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-US was the new emerging power, created a huge ideological divide with the opposing power of the Soviet Union (Communism)
-We saw the Soviet Union as wanting to spread their "Godless" ideology through the Middle East, feared a domino effect |
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Origin of Jews in Palestine
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-1880s, European Jews wanted to colonize in Palestine to establish a homeland. Did so because of the persecution of Jews in Europe and the Middle East
-Why didn't they not go before that? Many reasons, but the 17th century was very conducive to nationalism -As Zionists immigrated to Palestine, the idea was to attract Jews in Europe to go to Palestine "this is a land for people for people without land" (Not true. The land did have Arab people) -Immigrants mostly young people -Ahad Haam "one of the people"- was in Palestine in 1891 (went on the become one of the 200 delegates to the Herzl's Basle Conference) and wrote, "We abroad, have a way of thinking of Palestine today as almost desert, uncultivated wilderness, whose land is up for grabs. Not true. We think of Arabs are all savages, blind to the world around them, but this is also not true..." |
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1929 Riots over Western Wall
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-Violence erupted during the summer due to a dispute between Muslims and Jews over access to the western wall, 133 Jews killed and 339 wounded; 116 Arabs killed and 232 wounded
-Spread beyond Jerusalem to Hebron. Arab rioters went to a home and made demands to the Jews, which they said "no" -Jews protected the others in their communities "If you want to Jews, you'll have to kill me and my family first" |
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The Churchill Memorandum
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-1922
-Churchill issued the first white paper -Zionists "over exaggerated their claims to Palestine. Britain "never agreed to recognize a Jewsih state, just a Jewish home." -Still encouraged Jewish immigration as long as they could be absorbed economically -Sir Herbert Samuel, the high commissioner of Palestine from Britain, had to set immigration quotas. Didn't go over very well. -Memo stated that British could use force against riots. -Jews raised a flag with the star of David over the grounds of a mosque in Jerusalem. Arabs rioted over the raising of the flag, took it to mean the Jews were claiming Palestine's holy land. |
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1937 Royal Commission on Palestine (Peel Commission)
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-Proposed a partition plan, rejected by the Arab leadership bc it included a Jewish state
-Peel commission studied the situation, said there was no way to peacefully establish a Jewish state. If you establish a Jewish state, what do you do with the rest of the population? -Jewish pop. didn't reach 1/3 of the pop. until 1947, Israel established the next year -Proposed plan was immediately rejected- Arabs didn't want any portion of Palestine to be a Jewish state. Worried about what would happen to them. Jewish population was divided. they wanted a Jewish state, but didn't want a sliver a land, wanted the whole thing. -What to do with the Arab pop.? Wasn't an immediate concern to the Jews. Believed that this was their return to the land as of right. Claimed the land was originally their , even though they weren't there for several centuries. believed they didn't need permission from Arabs to claim back their land. -No real concern for Arabs. There were several other Arab countries. Intended to push the Arabs to Jordan or Lebanon. -Arabs said it was their land for 1400 years -Hard to narrow down proof from either side. |
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Origin of Jews in Palestine
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-1880s, European Jews wanted to colonize in Palestine to establish a homeland. Did so because of the persecution of Jews in Europe and the Middle East
-Why didn't they not go before that? Many reasons, but the 17th century was very conducive to nationalism -As Zionists immigrated to Palestine, the idea was to attract Jews in Europe to go to Palestine "this is a land for people for people without land" (Not true. The land did have Arab people) -Immigrants mostly young people -Ahad Haam "one of the people"- was in Palestine in 1891 (went on the become one of the 200 delegates to the Herzl's Basle Conference) and wrote, "We abroad, have a way of thinking of Palestine today as almost desert, uncultivated wilderness, whose land is up for grabs. Not true. We think of Arabs are all savages, blind to the world around them, but this is also not true..." |
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The Churchill Memorandum
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-1922
-Churchill issued the first white paper -Zionists "over exaggerated their claims to Palestine. Britain "never agreed to recognize a Jewsih state, just a Jewish home." -Still encouraged Jewish immigration as long as they could be absorbed economically -Sir Herbert Samuel, the high commissioner of Palestine from Britain, had to set immigration quotas. Didn't go over very well. -Memo stated that British could use force against riots. -Jews raised a flag with the star of David over the grounds of a mosque in Jerusalem. Arabs rioted over the raising of the flag, took it to mean the Jews were claiming Palestine's holy land. |
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Haganah
1939-1948 |
In response to the British White Paper, smuggled more than 1000,000 Jews from Europe to Palestine
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1940 Stern Gang (LEHI)
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-Stern Gand and Irgun were deadly terrorists
-Would send bombs in packages to assassinate Palestinian leaders -Most of their leadership was imprisoned, hung, or exiled--their lack of effectiveness was due to their lack of wherewithal to carry on the fight -Haganah decided not to fight the British during the war because their hands were full with Nazi Germany |
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1942 Biltmore Program
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-British response to the White Paper
-Called for the implementation of the Balfour Declaration as the mandate understood by Zionist leaders. -Called for an establishment of Israel of a Jewish state in all of Palestine -Total reflection of the British White Paper -Palestine would be established as a Jewish state integrated in the structure of the new democratic world Established a Jewish Army |
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1947 UN Partition Plan
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The UN General Assembly passed the partition plan dividing Palestine in 2 states
-Called the "partition resolution" -Not unanimous MAJORITY REPORT: Divide Palestine. Give 33% Jews 55% of the land. Give 67% Arabs 44% land. Remaining 1% for Jerusalem, not-designated. -MINORITY REPORT: don't divide Palestine. Give Jews autonomous existence and Arabs autonomous existence in their areas of land. Form a political federation.(Failed) -Why did UN give 33% Jews majority of land? US major supporter of Jews and partition plan. Jews got the coastal land. Committee was planning for pop. increases--expected more Jewsih refugees to immigrate to Palestine from Europe after being persecuted by Nazi Germany. |
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Haganah
1939-1948 |
In response to the British White Paper, smuggled more than 1000,000 Jews from Europe to Palestine
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Response to Partition plan (Fight begins)
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-April 9, 1948- Der Yassin massacre- Irgun and Stern killed 254 Palestinians. Palestinians attacked Hadassah Medical convoy 4 days later, killing 77 Jews
-May 1948- Britsh left Palestine -Both sides opposed partition plan -US Defense Dept (opposed to Sec. of State) vehemently opposed part ion plan and est. of Israel bc of mounting tensions in the Middle east. -Wanted to be on good relations with both sides. -Defense dept knew the Jewish state couldn't survive without continued Western support. |
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1940 Stern Gang (LEHI)
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-Stern Gand and Irgun were deadly terrorists
-Would send bombs in packages to assassinate Palestinian leaders -Most of their leadership was imprisoned, hung, or exiled--their lack of effectiveness was due to their lack of wherewithal to carry on the fight -Haganah decided not to fight the British during the war because their hands were full with Nazi Germany |
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1942 Biltmore Program
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-British response to the White Paper
-Called for the implementation of the Balfour Declaration as the mandate understood by Zionist leaders. -Called for an establishment of Israel of a Jewish state in all of Palestine -Total reflection of the British White Paper -Palestine would be established as a Jewish state integrated in the structure of the new democratic world Established a Jewish Army |
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1947 UN Partition Plan
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The UN General Assembly passed the partition plan dividing Palestine in 2 states
-Called the "partition resolution" -Not unanimous MAJORITY REPORT: Divide Palestine. Give 33% Jews 55% of the land. Give 67% Arabs 44% land. Remaining 1% for Jerusalem, not-designated. -MINORITY REPORT: don't divide Palestine. Give Jews autonomous existence and Arabs autonomous existence in their areas of land. Form a political federation.(Failed) -Why did UN give 33% Jews majority of land? US major supporter of Jews and partition plan. Jews got the coastal land. Committee was planning for pop. increases--expected more Jewsih refugees to immigrate to Palestine from Europe after being persecuted by Nazi Germany. |
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Response to Partition plan (Fight begins)
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-April 9, 1948- Der Yassin massacre- Irgun and Stern killed 254 Palestinians. Palestinians attacked Hadassah Medical convoy 4 days later, killing 77 Jews
-May 1948- Britsh left Palestine -Both sides opposed partition plan -US Defense Dept (opposed to Sec. of State) vehemently opposed part ion plan and est. of Israel bc of mounting tensions in the Middle east. -Wanted to be on good relations with both sides. -Defense dept knew the Jewish state couldn't survive without continued Western support. |
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1948 War (result of Partition Plan)
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-Both sides believed land belonged to them, none were willing to bequeath to the other
-Prophet Abraham was promised the land of Jerusalem by the lord (Old Testament) |
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1949-1967 Jewish Armistice Lines
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-May 15, 1948- Several Arab countries (Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, Transjordan) went to war against Israel with the intent of defeating the Jewish state and restoring Palestinian rights
-1949 Arab defeat and the armistice Agreements: Israel gained about 50% more territory that it was originally allotted by the UN Partition Plan |
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1956 Suez War
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-Suez Canal links the Mediterreanean to the Red Sea
-Nationalized by Nasser (US didn't like it, but promised it wouldn't shoot its way into the canal) |
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1957 Eisenhower Doctrine
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-A new policy after the Bagdad Pact
-Similar to the Truman Doctrine -Aimed to Stop the spread of communism to the Middle East -Asked Cpngress to approve economic aid to Middle Eastern countries that is directly or indirectly a communist threat. -Only one country accepted--Lebanon |
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1967 Six Day War
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-Israel destroys the Egyptian Air Force on the ground, conquers and occupies Sinai and Gaza, then conquers the West Bank from Jordan, Golan Heights from Syria
-Almot brought down the Egyptian government, and lead Egypt to seek arms (1st from US, then the Soviet Union--attained arms from Soviet Union) -Arms from Soviet Union upset the US and Israel |
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President Johnson's Rose Garden Address
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-US is committed to the security and the territorial integrity of every country in the region
-Put is elf in a bad position with the Middle East, didn't pay attention to the increasing tension because of vietnam -Tried to give Jews and Arabs access to clean water |
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Nasser's involvement with 1967 War
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-Nasser asked the UN to remove the force that was a buffer between Egypt and Israel
-Ideally, the UN Secretary would take it to the security council, and they refused to remove the force and tried to diffuse the situation (didn't happen, Secretary just removed the force) -Nasser was forced to put armed forces in Sinai to send a message that if Israel were to attack Syria, it would also have to deal with Egypt (was bluffing, and Israel called him out) -War turned out to be very one sided |
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SS Liberty
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-Ship in the Mediterranean in International Waters 9carrying an American flag)
-Israel attacked it (even though we're friends). Killed 34 Naval Personnel, wounded 170 -Israel believed SS Liberty was a spy ship _Israel didn't want the rest of the world to know what was happening -Sacrificed the US ship for the sake of National Security -Immediately afterwards, Israel apologized. Claimed they thought it was an Egyptian ship (not accurate, had helicopters fly over the ship) |
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Resolution 242
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-Israel initiated its settlement policy
-Called for Israeli withdrawal, establishment of peace |
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1973 October War (Yom Kippur/Ramadan War)
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-In a surprise attack on the Jewish day of atonement, Egypt retook the Suez canal and a narrow zone on the other side.
-Syria reconquered Golan Heights -Following a massive US and Soviet resupplying of the sides, Israel succeeded in pushing back the Syrians and threatening Damascus. -In Sinai, the IDF crossed the Suez canal and cut off the Egypotian 3rd army -Became more of a war on tanks than airfare |
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Israeli force tactics in the 1980s
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• September 15, 1982—Israeli invasion of West Beirut
• September 16-17, 1982—Lebanese Christian Phalange units under Elie Hobeika allowed by Israeli forces to enter the Palestinian refugee camps of Sabra and Shatilla, massacre between 400 and 800 Palestinian civilians. Israel Gen. Yaron and others overhears incriminating conversations between Phalange officers but no action was taken by Israel to stop the Massacre • September 24, 1982—Peace Now Movement holds a record demonstration in Israel (~300,000) demanding an end to war • November 11, 1982—Israeli military headquarters in Tyre destroyed in an explosion, killing 75 Israelis and 16 of their |
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Oslo Agreement
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• September 13, 1993—Oslo breakthrough; Israel and PLO agree on mutual recognition
• Yasser Arafat and PLO will be allowed to return to Gaza. PLO and Palestinian leadership renounce violence and use of terrorism , and agree to revise PLO charter to remove chapters referring to the destruction of Israel |
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Baruch Goldstein Incident
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• February 25, 1994—Settler Baruch Goldstein opens fire on Muslims praying in the Tomb of Abraham mosque in Hebron, killing 30
• Lead to numerous suicide bombings • Goldstein’s grace became a shrine for right-wing extremists. |
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Death of Rabin
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• Oslo, and the rest of peace talks, dies with him
• 1995—November 5, Rabin assassinated by right wing Israeli fanatic Yagal Amir, Rabin replaced by Shimon Peres |
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Peace Agreements beginning in 1998
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• October 1998—Wye River Plantation talks result in an agreement for Israeli redeployment and release.
• May 17, 1999—Labor party leader General Ehud elected Israel’s Prime minister. • March 2000—Israel/Syrian peace negotiations fail when Hafez Assad reject Israeli offer relayed by US President in Geneva |
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Important Events Following 9/11
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• Israelis and Palestinians agree to cease fire, but it is not implemented
• March-April 2002—Israel conducts operation “defensive shield” in the West Bank, following a large number of Palestinian suicide bombings on civilian targets • Saudi Peace Initiative adopted at Beirut summit • January 28, 2003—Elections in Israel give a wide margin (40 seats) to right-wing Likud party, returning PM Ariel Sharon for another term • March 19, 2003—US begins invasion of Iraq by a strike against a building where Saddam Hussein and other leaders are meeting. Baghdad falls, April 9 • July 9, 2004—International Court of Justice (ICJ) rules that the Israeli security barrier violates the international la and must be torn down |
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2006 Israeli Invasion of Lebanon
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• Jul12—Hezbollah crosses the blue line border with Lebanon, attacked Israeli patrol, killing 3 and capturing 2 soldiers. An additional soldier dies the following day and several are killed when a tank hits a mine, pursuing captors. At the same time, Hezbollah began a series of rocket attacks on Northern Israel
• In subsequent days, Israel carries out massive but selective bombing and artillery shelling of Lebanon • August 14—Lebanon ceases fire, bases on UN resolution 1701 |
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US Foreign Policy in the Middle East
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-After the Soviet Union Collapse, US took a strong stance against Hussein
-George W Bush took a very aggressive stance in the Middle East -After 9/11- threatened to invade Iraq as early as 2002 -Tried to connect Hussein and Al-queda and WMD's -US believed they could establish a democracy in Iraq (has to come from within) |
