Pols

Front 1

power

Back 1

the ability to achieve an objective by influencing the behaviours of others, particularly to get them to do what they would not have done otherwise.

Front 2

free rider problem

Back 2

a problem with voluntary collective action that results because an individual can enjoy the benefits of group action without contributing

Front 3

authority

Back 3

the right to exercise power that is accepted by those being governed as legitimate

Front 4

legitimacy

Back 4

acceptance by the members if a political community that those in positions of authority have the rights to govern

Front 5

charismatic authority

Back 5

authority based on the perception that a reader has extraordinary or supernatural qualities

Front 6

traditional authority

Back 6

authority based on customs that establish the right of certain persons to rule

Front 7

legal-rational authority

Back 7

the right to rule based on legal rules and procedures rather than on the personal qualities or characteristics of the rulers

Front 8

common good

Back 8

what is good for the entire community

Front 9

pluralist system

Back 9

a political system in which a large number of groups representing a wide variety of interests are able to influence the decisions of government. government tries to satisfy as many groups as possible, and no group has a dominant influence on government.

Front 10

state

Back 10

An independent, self governing political community whose governing institutions have the capability to make rules that are binding on the population residing within a particular territory

Front 11

government

Back 11

the set of institutions that makes decision and oversees the implementations on behalf of the state for a particular period of time `

Front 12

sovereignty

Back 12

the principle that states are the highest authority for their population and territory and are not subject to any external authority

Front 13

failed state

Back 13

a state that is unable to enforce laws, and maintain order protect the lives of citizens and provide basic services

Front 14

nation-state

Back 14

a soverign state based on people living in a country who share a sense of common identity as members of a particular nation

Front 15

nation

Back 15

a group of people who share a sense of common identity and who typically believe they should be self governing within their homeland

Front 16

nationalism

Back 16

the idea that a nation-state is the best form of political community, that a nation should have its own self governing state and that the interests culture and values of the nation should be promoted

Front 17

citizenship

Back 17

the idea that a country permanent residents are full members of the political community with certain duties and rights

Front 18

globalization

Back 18

the process that are increasing the interconnectedness of the world

Front 19

economic globalization

Back 19

development of global economic system in terms of production,trade , and finance

Front 20

cultural globalization

Back 20

spreading of cultural products and rules around the world

Front 21

political ideology

Back 21

a package of interrelated ideas and beliefs about government ,society, the economy, and human nature that inspire and affect political actions

Front 22

left and right

Back 22

communism-socialism-reform liberalism-classical liberalism-consevatism-fascism

Front 23

left

Back 23

the vernal ideological position associated with advocacy of greater social and economic equality, laws based on universal human rights rather than traditional morality an opposition to state support for religious institutions

Front 24

right

Back 24

the vernal ideological position associated with opposition to imposing greater social and economic equality and with maintaining traditional moral values and institutions

Front 25

liberalism

Back 25

the ideology of liberalism emphasizes the desirability of a high level of individual freedom based on a belief in the inherence dignity and worth of each individual.`

Front 26

rule of law

Back 26

the idea that people should be subject to known, predictable, and impartial rules of conduct rather than to the arbitrary orders of particular individuals, both the rulers and the rules should be equally subject to the law.

Front 27

liberal democracy

Back 27

a political system that combines the liberal ideas of limited government, individual freedom and the rules of law with a democratic system of governing based on the election of representatives

Front 28

classical liberalism

Back 28

a form of liberalism that emphasizes the desirability of limited government and the free market

Front 29

laissez-faire system

Back 29

a system in which privately owned businesses, workers and consumers freely interact without governance interference

Front 30

reform liberalism

Back 30

a version of liberalism that combines support for individual freedom with a belief that government action may be needed to help remove obstacle to individual development

Front 31

neo-liberalism

Back 31

a perspective based on a strong belief in the free marketplace and opposition to government intervention in the economy

Front 32

conservatism

Back 32

a perspective or ideology that emphasizes the values of order, stability, respect for authoitry and tradition based on view that humans are inherently imperfect, with al limited capacity to reason

Front 33

welfare state

Back 33

a state in which government ensures that all people have a decent standard of living and are provided protection from hardships resulting from circumstances such as unemployment, sickness disability and old age

Front 34

new right

Back 34

a perspective that combines in various ways the promotion of free market capitalism and limited government and tradition cultural and moral values

Front 35

socialism

Back 35

an ideological perspective based on the view that human beings are basically social in nature and that the capitalist system undermines the co-operative and community-oriented nature of humanity socialism advocates the establishment of an egalitarian society.

Front 36

communism

Back 36

a system in which private property has been replaced by collective or communal ownership and everyone is free to take from society what they need

Front 37

fascism

Back 37

an ideology that combines an aggressive form of nationalism with a strong belief in the naturalness of inequality and opposition to both liberal democracy and communism

Front 38

political efficacy

Back 38

the attitude that individuals can have an impact on political decision and that government is responsive to what people want

Front 39

political party

Back 39

an organization that has a central role in the competition for political power in legislative bodies and in governing

Front 40

cadre party

Back 40

a loosely organized party usually established by members of a legislative body with the support of local notables. cadre parties are concerned primarily with electing members of the party to legislative bodies, rather than with building a strong, centralized membership-based organization outside of the legislature

Front 41

mass party

Back 41

a party that draws its support from a regular dues paying membership and features a strong party organization outside of the legislature

Front 42

party convention

Back 42

a meeting of delegates from party constituency associations as well as the partys legislators and party officials

Front 43

iron law of oligarchy

Back 43

a generalization that claims that all organizations even those that appear democratic, inevitably become dominated by a small group of leaders

Front 44

electoral-professional party

Back 44

a political party whose dominant concern is winning elections and that relies on professional experts to market the party to voters

Front 45

brokerage party

Back 45

a party that attempts to find compromises to accommodate a variety of interests so as to try to build broad support across the country in a non-ideological manner

Front 46

programmatic party

Back 46

a party that has a distinct ideological perspective or a coherent set of policy goals that are consistently followed over time

Front 47

personalistic party

Back 47

a party established to promote the elections of a particular individual as prime minister or president

Front 48

what are the 5 parties?

Back 48

1. conservative party

2. liberal party

3. new democratic party (NDP)

4. bloc quebecois

5.green party

Front 49

cleavage

Back 49

a social division that involves those associated with each grouping having a distinct collective identity and distinct interests that can lead to the development of organizations such as political parties that reflect the different sides of the social division

Front 50

two-party system

Back 50

a party system in which two major parties contend to control the government. two party systems are competitive in the sense that a single party does not govern for a lengthy period of tiem

Front 51

multiparty system

Back 51

a political party system featuring several parties that are significant actors in the competition for political power

Front 52

one-party dominant

Back 52

a party system in which a single party rules for a long periods of time and the opposition parties are not likely to gain the support needed to successfully challenge the dominant party for the control of the government

Front 53

primary election

Back 53

a state run election in which vitalness select the candidates for the party they support prior to the general election

Front 54

party caucus

Back 54

a closed-door meeting of the party's parliamentary members

Front 55

universal suffrage

Back 55

the right of all adult citizens to vote regardless of such characteristics as gender, ethnicity, wealth or educatoin

Front 56

gerrymander

Back 56

the manipulation of the division of the country into electoral districts so as to benefit a particular party

Front 57

electoral system

Back 57

the system used to translate the votes that people cast into the compositions of the legislature and the selection of the government

Front 58

single member plurality system

Back 58

an electoral system in which voters in each electoral district elect a single representative to the legislature. the candidate with the most votes is elected, even if that candidate did not receive the majority of votes

Front 59

electoral college

Back 59

a body that elects the president of the united states.

Front 60

runoff elections

Back 60

an election held if no candidate revives a majority of votes; generally only the top two candidates appear not he ballot to ensure that the winning candidate has a majority of the votes cast.

Front 61

preferential voting

Back 61

an electoral system in which voters rank candidate in order to preference if not candidate has a majority of first preferences, the candidate are added to the votes of the other candidates. this process continues until one candidate has majority

Front 62

proportional representations

Back 62

an electoral system in which the proportion of seats a party receives in the legislature reflects the proportion of votes it has obtained

Front 63

coalition government

Back 63

a form of government in which two or more parties jointly govern, sharing the cabinet positions

Front 64

mixed member proportional system

Back 64

an electoral system in which some legislators are elected to represent particular electoral districts based on gaining the most votes in the district, while others are elected baed on the popular vote reviewed by their party

Front 65

single transferable vote system

Back 65

voters rank order their preferences for candidates in a multimember electoral district.

Front 66

party identification

Back 66

a long term psychological attachment to a particular party

Front 67

valence issues

Back 67

issues on which the contending parties differ as to which party is most competent to deal with a problem rather than clearly taking different positions as to what should be done

Front 68

interest group

Back 68

an organization that pursues the common interest of groups of people, particularly by trying to influence the development,adopting and implementation of public policies

Front 69

self interest group

Back 69

an interest group whose primary objective is to promote the interests of the group and its members and to seek benefits that are primarily or exclusively for its members

Front 70

public interest group

Back 70

a group that seeks to achieve goals that the group views as being for the good of the community as a while rather than providing specific benefits for its members

Front 71

issue-oriented interest group

Back 71

an interest group that spontaneously develops to express the views of people on a particular issue, concern or grievance

Front 72

institutionalized interest group

Back 72

developed a formal organization, including such features as a well established membership base paid professional staff permanent offices, and the capability to keep its members and public aware of its views and activities

Front 73

lobbying

Back 73

an effort to persuade legislators executives or public officials particularly through direct personal contact and to adopt and implement polities or decisions favoured by an individual business or group.

Front 74

social movement

Back 74

a network of groups and individuals that seeks major social and political changes particularly by acting outside of established political instituions

Front 75

political conflict

Back 75

a dispute of disagreement, usuallyy involving groups and the state over something government is doing or proposes to do

Front 76

political protest

Back 76

oppositional polticial action that takes place outside formal channels generally seeking to have government make significant changes in its polices

Front 77

civil disobedience

Back 77

deliberate lawbreaking that accepts punishment by state authorities as part of the action

Front 78

guerrilla warfare

Back 78

a form of highly political warfare build around lightly armed irregulars who oppose a government and use hit and run tactics and political work to take power

Front 79

insurgency

Back 79

a rebellion or revolt, especially one employing the tools of guerrilla warfare

Front 80

revolution

Back 80

the use of violence to overthrow a government, especially when the overthrow is followed by rapid thoroughgoing social economic and political restructuring

Front 81

terrorism

Back 81

the deliberate use of violence designed to induce fear in a population in order to achieve a political objective

Front 82

flash mob

Back 82

a group that assemblies unannounced in a public place briefly performs an attention grabbing act and then disperses

Front 83

segregation

Back 83

the legal separation of blacks and whites, particularly in the southern united states

Front 84

political opportunity structures

Back 84

the openings that political institutions and proccesses offer to or withhold from movements

Front 85

secessionist

Back 85

a persone ho favours separations of territory from an existing state

Front 86

regime violence

Back 86

political violence used by a government against its citizens generally as a way to repress dissent and keep order

Front 87

counter-insurgency

Back 87

a blend of military and political action taken by a government to defeat an insurgency. the tactics are usually desribed as mixture of repression and reform

Front 88

democracy

Back 88

rule by the people

Front 89

direct democracy

Back 89

a system in which citizens themselves make the governing decisions

Front 90

representative democracy

Back 90

a form of democracy in which citizens elect representatives to the legislature to make decisions on their behalf

Front 91

legislature

Back 91

an institution whose responsibilities include the approval of legislation and the raising of spending of funds by the government

Front 92

civil society

Back 92

the voluntary groups and organizations that are not controlled by the state

Front 93

transparency

Back 93

exists to the extent that government operations are visible to the poeple

Front 94

plebiscitary democracy

Back 94

a form of democracy in which citizens have greater control than in representatives democracy through the use of such devices as referendums, citizens' initiatives and recall elections

Front 95

populism

Back 95

a perspective that advocates putting power in the hands of the people rather than the elites who control politics and society

Front 96

referendum

Back 96

a vote by the citizens on a particular issue or law

Front 97

citizens initiative

Back 97

a procedure that gives citizens the right by obtaining a sizeable number of signatures on a petition to have a proposition that they have dragged put to a vote by the electorate for approval

Front 98

recall

Back 98

a procedure that allows citizens to remove representatives from office.

Front 99

citizens jury

Back 99

a group of randomly selected persons that deliberate out and make recommendations concerning particular issues

Front 100

federal system

Back 100

a system of governing in which sovereign authority is divided or shared between the central government and regional governments with each deriving its authority from the constitution

Front 101

regime

Back 101

the broadest class of political system, it encompasses the bases of the systems legitimacy; how and to whom government is accountable

Front 102

authoritarian regimes

Back 102

non-democratic governing systems that feature absolute rule over the population. people are prevented from choosing their government and influencing its decisions

Front 103

hybrid regimes

Back 103

governing systems that are a mixture of democratic and non-democratic rule. hybrid governments typical gain and keep power through electoral fraud, corruption and legal manoeuvres

Front 104

totalitarian dictatorship

Back 104

a regime that seeks to control all aspects of life within a country

Front 105

absolute monarchy

Back 105

a political system in which king or queen has total power, unconstrained by law

Front 106

personal dictatorship

Back 106

an undemocratic government dominated by a single individual

Front 107

institutional dictatorship

Back 107

an undemocratic government controlled by an established political institution.

Front 108

party dictatorship

Back 108

an undemocratic political system that is controlled by one party

Front 109

hegemonic party regime

Back 109

opposition parties exist and compete for power but they cannot win because government control over the electoral systemm assures that the ruling party does not lose

Front 110

military dictatorship

Back 110

an undemocratic government run by the military

Front 111

theocratic dictatorship

Back 111

an undemocratic state run by religious elites

Front 112

autocracy

Back 112

rule by one person with unlimited powers

Front 113

licensed opposition

Back 113

opposition parties that are allowed to exist, contest elections and win legislative seats, but which can never take power

Front 114

plebiscite

Back 114

a vote in which the entire electorate is asked to approve of or reject a specific question;for example, whether the current residence should be elected president for life

Front 115

dominant party system

Back 115

one party holds powerr for an extended period of time by winning free and fair elections

Front 116

hegemonic party system

Back 116

one party holds power for an extended period of time by winning fraudulent elections

Front 117

constitutional government

Back 117

consistently acts in accordance with established fundamental rules and principles

Front 118

constitution

Back 118

the fundamental rules and principles by which a state is governed

Front 119

codified constitution

Back 119

major provisions are set out in a formal constitutional document or a set of constitutions documents

Front 120

constitutional conventions

Back 120

fundamental principles that are consistently followed even though they are not contained in a legal document and are not generally enforceable in the courts

Front 121

judicial review

Back 121

the authority of the courts to strike down legislation or governmental actions that the courts deem to be in violation of constitutions

Front 122

parliamentary sovereignty

Back 122

a basic principle of the british system of governing, recognizing parliament as the supreme law making body such that the courts cannot invalidate an act of parliament

Front 123

judicial activism

Back 123

the term used when the courts are active in invalidating legislation and government actions that are inconsistent with constitution

Front 124

common law

Back 124

a system of law based on court judgements that have accumulate d over many countries

Front 125

private law

Back 125

law that deals with the relationships among individuals groups and businesses that are primarily of private interest hater than of general public interest

Front 126

codified law

Back 126

a system of law based on the adoption of a comprehensive set of principles that judges use to determine the outcome of a particualr case

Front 127

sharia law

Back 127

a system of law based on the quran, the teachings and practices of mohammed and islamic jurisprudence

Front 128

supernational government

Back 128

government above the governments of its member-states

Front 129

unitary system

Back 129

a system of governing in which sovereign authority rests with the central government;regional and local governments are subordinate

Front 130

federal system

Back 130

a system of goveringin in which sovereign authority is divided or shared between the central government and regional governments, with each deriving its authority from the constitution

Front 131

devolution

Back 131

a system of governing in which the central government grants some legislative powers as well as administrative responsibilities to one or more regional bodies

Front 132

confederal system

Back 132

a system in which sovereign states have agreed to delegate some of their authority to a joint government with limited author while retaining their sovereignty

Front 133

european union

Back 133

an economic and political union of amy european countries that have pooled some of their sovereign

Front 134

parliamentary system

Back 134

a system of governing in which there is a close interrelationship between the political executive(cabinet and PM) and the parliament (legislative). the executive is generally composed of members of the house of commons(the elected parliamentary body) and must maintain the support of the house of commons

Front 135

responsible government

Back 135

a governing system in which the political executive is accountable to parliament for its actions and must retain the support of elected members of the parliament to remain in office

Front 136

majority government

Back 136

the government formed when the prime ministers party has a majority of the members of the house of commons;thus, a single party forms the government

Front 137

minority government

Back 137

a single party governs, but that party does not have the majority of the members in the house of commons. thus, a minority government needs to gain the support of one or more of the other parties to pass legislation and to stay in office

Front 138

coalition government

Back 138

a government in which two or more political parties jointly govern, sharing the cabinet positions

Front 139

head of state

Back 139

in a parliamentary system the head of state is an important but largely ceremonial position, but has the responsibility to ensure that a legitimate government is in place

Front 140

governor general

Back 140

the person who carries out the duties and responsibilities of the monarch at the national level in cananda

Front 141

head of government

Back 141

the person who heads the executive side of government and is usually responsible for choosing the cabinet in ananda the PM is the head of the canadian government while the heads of provincial governments are known as premieres

Front 142

cabinet

Back 142

the members of the political executive.. the cabinet in a parliamentary system is left by the PM with many or most of the cabinet ministers having the responsibility of heading a government department

Front 143

executive dominance

Back 143

a parliamentary system that places considerable power int he hands of the PM and cabinet though their ability to control the hose of commons, particularly in a marjority governing situation

Front 144

privy council

Back 144

an administrative structure that is directly responsible to the canadian PM, has a central role in organizing the cabinet and trying to coordinate and direct the activities of government and provides policy advice to the PM

Front 145

PM office

Back 145

the office that provides support and political advice to the PM

Front 146

PM government

Back 146

the view that the PM has become the dominant member of the political executive rather than " first among equals" in the cabinet

Front 147

ministers of state

Back 147

cabinet ministers whoa re not responsible for ap articular government departnmetn

Front 148

treasury board

Back 148

a permanent cabinet committee with its own staff and minister that plays a major role in governing in canada because of its responsibility for the expenditure and management practices of governemtn

Front 149

cabinet solidarity

Back 149

the convention in a parliamentary system that each member of the cabinet is expected to fully support and defend the decisions and actions that cabinet takes

Front 150

collective responsibility

Back 150

the convention that the cabinet as a group will defend explain and take responsibility for the actions of the government parliament

Front 151

cabinet secrecy

Back 151

the convention that views the expressed cabinet remind secret to enable full and frank discussion and maintain cabinet solidarity

Front 152

Canadian house of commons

Back 152

the elected chamber of parliament, with each member representing a particular electoral district

Front 153

party discipline

Back 153

the expectation that members of each party will vote in accordance with the position that the party has adopted in the caucus

Front 154

private memebrs

Back 154

ordinary members of the house of commons whoa re not in the cabinet

Front 155

house of commons committee

Back 155

committees composed of government and opposition party members in proportion to their party strength in the house of commons, they provide detailed examination of peopled legislation and often suggest modifications to that legislations

Front 156

official opposition

Back 156

the party with the second highest number of seats in the house of commons

Front 157

non-confidence motion

Back 157

a motion put forward by opposition members in a legislature expressing a lack of confidence in the government .

Front 158

closure

Back 158

a procedure in a legislative bodyt hat cutes off debate in approved by majority role

Front 159

filibuster

Back 159

the use of various delaying tactics by those opposed to the passage of a particular piece of legislation

Front 160

senate

Back 160

the upper chamber of the parliament, appointed n the recommendation of the prime minister. senators hold their position until age 75

Front 161

presidential system

Back 161

a system of governing in which the president and congress each separately derive their authority from being elected by the people and have a fixed term of office

Front 162

congress

Back 162

the legislative branch of the american government consisting of the house of representatives and senate

Front 163

separation of powers

Back 163

a basic feature of presidential systems in which the executive, legislature and judicial branched of government are separate from each other. with each having difference personnel and different basic authority

Front 164

checks and balances

Back 164

a basic principle of the american presidential system in which each of the three branches of government is able o check the actions so that no individual or institution becomes too powerful.

Front 165

impeachment

Back 165

a process by which a president and other public officials can be removed from office after being accused of criminal behaviour and convicted by a legislative body

Front 166

house of representatives

Back 166

the lower chamber of the american congress, elected a a two year term from districts of approximately equal population size

Front 167

senate (US)

Back 167

the upper chamber of congress. two senators are elected by voters in each state for a 6 year term

Front 168

presidential veto

Back 168

the ability of the president to prevent the passage of a bill. the president of the US has the authority to veto laws passed by congress, although this veto can be overridden by a two-thirds majority in each body of congress

Front 169

political gridlock

Back 169

a situation where necessary legislation is unable to be passed particularly because of tension between the president and one or both houses of congress controlled by an opposing political party

Front 170

semi-presidential system

Back 170

a system of governing in which an elected president with a fixed term of office shares executive power with PM and cabinet who are collectively responsible to an elected legislature (france)

Front 171

cohabitation

Back 171

the sharing of powers between the french president and PM that occurs when the assembly is controlled by a party opposed to the president

Front 172

Keynesian economic policies

Back 172

the idea that government can smooth out the ups and downs of the free market economy by stimulating the economy when private businesses investment is low and calling down the economy when excessive investment is creating inflation

Front 173

neo-marxist theory

Back 173

a perspective that views politics as reflecting the conflicts that result from the way society is organized to produce goods.

Front 174

state centred theory

Back 174

a perspective to views public policies as reflecting to a considerable extent, the preferences and priorities of those in important positions of author within various state institutions

Front 175

bureaucracy

Back 175

an organization i which people are hired and promoted based on their qualifications and merit. works organized in terms of specialized positions detaild rules and procedures are followed by all members of the organization and there is a hierarchical chain of command so that those at the top can direct and supervise large numbers o f people

Front 176

representative bureaucracy

Back 176

a bureaucracy that reflects the characteristics of society. particularly by trying to ensure that all levels of the public service have a proportion of women and various disadvantages minority groups similar to that of the population as a whole

Front 177

new public management

Back 177

the adoption of practices of private business in the administrative activities of governmetn

Front 178

purchasing power parity

Back 178

a measure of per capita income that shows the purchasing power of an income, instead of its worth current exchange rates

Front 179

third world

Back 179

less developed countries

Front 180

underdeveloped countries

Back 180

a term often used to describe third world countries

Front 181

anarchy

Back 181

a situation in which there is no central authority

Front 182

global governance

Back 182

the process whereby a number of different actors compete and co-operate to provide a certain degree of order and predictability to relations among states

Front 183

realism

Back 183

an apporach to the study of international politics that assumes that because the international system is anarchic, security is the major preoccupation of states. peace rests primarily on deterrence and the possibility of international governance is limited because states are reluctant to put constrains on their sovereignty

Front 184

national interest

Back 184

the goals a state pursues in the conduct of its foreign policy.

Front 185

international system

Back 185

a concept of referring to both the most important international actors and the pattern of interactions among them. the latter depends on primarily on how power is distributed among actors

Front 186

pole

Back 186

a concentration of power in the international system. it could be a state or an alliance

Front 187

unipolarity

Back 187

an international system with a single superpower

Front 188

multipolar system

Back 188

a type of international stem containing four or more powers

Front 189

balance of power

Back 189

a situation in which no state is dominant in the global system

Front 190

security dilemma

Back 190

the dilemma that arises when states need power to feel secure, but their accumulation of power might undermine rather than increase their security if it leads other states to feel that they are in danger and form an alliance to meet the precede threat

Front 191

hegemon

Back 191

a superpower that exercises power primarily through leadership and persuasion and thus creates a large consensus around its actions

Front 192

international governmental organization

Back 192

an organization created by states to facilitate co-operation among them

Front 193

united nations

Back 193

an international governmental organization representing almost all of the words states