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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three points of view on war? |
1) No war is ever justified, and we should strive to prevent it (pacifist perspective) 2) Sometimes war is a justifiable response to situations in international politics, just is punishment is sometimes a justifiable response (just war perspective). 3) War has little to do with morality: war should be discussed in terms of a state achieving its interests (realist perspectives) |
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What is realism? |
It prides itself on holding an 'unvarnished' view of psychology and the real drivers of conflict. |
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The Peloponnesian War case study. When did it run from? Who lost? What was the Athenians' philosophy? |
Thucidides ran from 431bc to 404bc the Athenians eventually lost but the majority of Greece was more or less ruined Athens believed that justice is only possible between equals. Melos believed that justice is the 'common protection of all'. |
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What is realpolitik realism? |
The Athenians' POV. Humans are fundamentally self interested, as are nations. There are no moral laws states should follow, and power is the only thing that can ensure security. |
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Was Thucydides a realpolitik realist? |
Thucydides suggests that power brings about more power. Thucydides is closer to Montesquieu than to the Athenians. |
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Who was the Baron de Montesquieu? |
A 17th century philosopher. Wrote a book to try and get government to work at a more Republican level. |
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What were Montesquieu's thoughts on war? |
Believes that institutions should exist to constrain passions. - in a time of peace, be very good, in a time of war do as little injury as possible. Believes that war should happen for preservation, not glory. When conquest is finished, the right to kill is lifted. |
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What do moderating realists argue? |
We should attempt to restrain passions (for retribution/violence), vices, and enthusiasm. |
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Who is Machiavelli? |
15th century politician. Wrote a book for the Medicis to help them govern more effectively in Europe. |
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What did Machiavelli believe? |
Politicians do not have to be kind, they have to rely on what works, even in some cases, evil. The end justifies the means. To the extent that you can, be loved, but if you cannot be loved, be feared. |
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Who was Mahatma Gandhi? |
19th century resistance leader who experienced a lot of adversity in his life. |
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Where did Gandhi land with the other realists? |
- sees the political world as marked by tendancies towards violence. - concerned with the practicality of reaching particular goals. - interested in a free and stable India. - political action requires context. - "truth is never illuminated by violence." |
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What is satyagraha and why is it good? |
It is passive political resistance. It stops the cycle of violence, delegitimises violence as an option and highlights the violence of the system. |
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Can war be moral, in a Christian perspective? What is a problem with "not war"? |
Right order allows for cultivation of our better instincts, even though we cannot realise absolute justice on earth. Not war can be riddled with injustice and horror. War can only be an instrument of justice if both the means and ends of the war are limited. |
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What is jus ad bellum? |
the "right to war" there must be a right cause, right intentions, the right authority, it must be the last resort, and there must be a reasonable chance of success. |
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What is jus in bello? |
"justice in the conduct of war" Combatants must discriminate between combatants and non-combatants. They must attack legitimate targets with legitimate force. They must not employ methods that would "shock mankind". |
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What is jus post bellum? |
A framework for ending wars ethically. There must be no revenge, rather rehabilitation and rebuilding. There must be trials for war criminals. Regime change is a right as the goal is a minimally just society. Peace is a must. |
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What is pacifism? |
"anti war-ism" - there is no moral grounds for war. - |
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Pacifism vs non-violence |
- pacifism is an ideological stance towards war - non-violence is a political tactic used by pacifists and non-pacifists alike |
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Who was Ralph Waldo Emerson? |
A 19th century tracendentalist who was a priest and became a political person. He believed that the society we see corresponds to our mental state. |
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Who was Bertrand Russell? |
A 19th century child of aristocrats. He was jailed many times in the pursuit of justice. He is the father of modern demonstration. |
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What are the two kinds of pacifists? |
Deontological pacificists: war is inherantly wrong because it violates foremost duties of justice, such as not killing people. Consequentialist pacifists: the costs of war always outweigh the benefits. |
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What is a nation? |
Members of a nation believe themselves to have certain traits that mark them off from other people, such as ethnic and civic characteristics. They are attached to a place.
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What is nationalism? |
Nationalism is the pursuit of rights for the self-defined members of the nation, including, minimal soverignty. |
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What do ethnic nationalists believe? |
An independant state for every nation and one nation for every state. |
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What do civic nationalists believe? |
Multiple ethnic groups can compose the nation. |
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What is patriotism? |
An orientation of pride and loyalty towards the state. |
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What are some criticisms of nationalism? |
Nationalism paves the way for conflict. Nationalism encourages us to help people outside our own borders less. Nationalism encourages the idea that we have special duties to our own nation. Nationalism encourages the suppression of difference. |
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Who was Franz Fanon? |
A 20th century psychologist who fought in the Algerian war of independance. |
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What did Fanon do and believe? |
Violence is a necessary part of the liberation struggle. Wrote The Wretched of the Earth, which analysed race and class in terms of liberation struggles. Wanted a nation-state. Fought against colonialism. |
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Who was Marcus Garvey? |
A 20th century thinker. Fonded UNIA-ACC and the Black Star Line. Advanced a law-activist philosophy to inspire a global mass movement focussed on Africa. Inspired the Nation of Islam and Rastafari. Wanted a nation state. |
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What is solidarity?
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Solidarity is a sense of unity, and a sense of obligation to one another.W |
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Why should we care about solidarity? |
It makes people more willing to provide for collective goods/help others of the national community in need. It allows nations to meet challenges. |
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How to prevent Balkanisation? |
There must be some way of drawing borders so that viable states can be created. The new states should not contain minorities whose identities are radically incompatible with the majority. |
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What are the benefits of a nation state - for anti colonialists - for liberals? |
- can be an instrument of justice, and can begin to combat unjust global dynamics - can hold a diverse society together. |
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What is cosmopolitanism? |
The belief that all human beings, regardless of their political affiliations are citizens of the earth, and belong to the same 'human community'.
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What are the two dimensions of cosmopolitanism? |
Moral cosmopolitanism - regarding one's moral duties, it suggests we have no less duty to a nation or non-citizen Political cosmopolitanism - concerned with how cosmopolitan aspirations are reflected in the institutional structure of the world. |
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What does a cosmopolitan education look like and who argues for it? |
Nussbaum argues for it. - we learn about ourselves - we can better solve problems - we recognise moral obligations to the rest of the world. - "to worship one's country as a god is to bring a curse upon it" |
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Why is patrotism morally dangerous? |
- it encourages favouring one group over another |
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Who is Leo Tolstoy? |
A 19th century novelist and member of nobility, as well as an anarchist and pacifist. |
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What did Tolstoy believe? |
- governments are founded upon the beliefs of people to subordinate themselves to authority. - governments evoke hostile relationships under patriotism. - patriotism is incited through education |
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Who is Emma Goldman? |
A 19th century anarcho-communist and feminist. Jailed for inciting riots over birth control. "if voting changed anything, they'd make it illegal." |
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What did Emma Goldman believe? |
- patriotism encourages waste in resources and human life - turns thinking beings into machines |
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What are the differences between Westphalian optimists and Post-Westphalian pessimists? |
West opt - the state system can be adapted and eventually modified. Post west pes - sovereign states no longer represent the link of political community and ethical obligations |
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What happened before multiculturalism? |
Assimilation - where groups are asssmiliated into a dominant culture The melting pot ideal |
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What is a hegemony? |
A form of ideological control in which dominant beliefs, values, and social practises are distributed through communities. |
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Why are some liberals critical of multiculturalism? |
Multiculturalists believe that you have to treat people differently to create a bigger whole. - emphasises difference |
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What is national socialism? |
Nazism. Basically. - intense socialism, dictational rule, particular aesthetic. |
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What are the conflicts with multiculturalism and socialism? |
Socialism wants to promote group dedifferentation. Multiculturalism wants to promote group differentation. They are in tension with each other. |
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Who is Susan Moeller Okin? |
A 20th century liberal feminist political philosopher. |
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How did Okin define feminism? |
Women should not be disadvantaged by their ses, should be recognised as having dignity equal to men, and have the opportunity to live life as fulfilling as they can. W |
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What is transnational feminism? |
groups that construe what mean to be partners. encourage people to realise that feminism has different meanings to different people. does not assert the priority of feminist goals but instead determines how these goals can be best promoted cross culturally. |
