Pols 101

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Federalist Papers

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85 articles arguing for the ratification of the constitution

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Anti Federalist

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the movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal govt

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Shays Rebellion

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a series of protests in 1786-1787 by American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt

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Virginia Plan

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proposal for a bicameral legislative branch

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New Jersey Plan

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proposal for the structure of the US govt

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Connecticut Compromise

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the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the U.S.

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Separation of Power

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in a democracy is to prevent abuse of power and to safeguardfreedom for all.

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Incumbent

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The current holder of political office

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Committee System

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ithas its own guidelines, within which each committee adopts its own rules. This creates considerable variation among thepanels.

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Standing Committee

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handlespecific areas of the committee’s work. Select and joint committees generally handle oversight or housekeepingresponsibilities. The chair of each committee and a majority of its membersrepresent the majority party.

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MajorityLeader

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the leader of the majority party in a legislative body,especially the party member who directs the activities of the majority party onthe floor of either the Senate or the House of Representatives.

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Speaker of the House

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The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of theUnited States House of Representatives. Hes is third Iine to presidency. Ourcurrent public speaker is John Ryan who took over for John Bator

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Fillibuster

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A strategy employed in the United States Senate, whereby aminority can delay a vote on proposed legislation by making long speeches orintroducing irrelevant issues. A successful filibuster can force withdrawal ofa bill. Filibusters can be ended only by cloture.

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TheCongressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

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Theact established the House and Senate Committees on the Budget as standingcommittees of Congress. Prior to the act, the House and Senate Committees onthe Budget operated as select committees between 1919 and 1921 and 1919 to 1920,respectively.

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Oversight

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oversightby the United States Congress over the Executive Branch, including the numerousU.S. federal agencies. Congressional oversight includes the review, monitoring,and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policyimplementation.

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Officeof management and budget

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is the largest office within the Executive Office of thePresident of the United States (EOP). The main function of OMB is to producethe President's Budget.

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Councilof economic advisors

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isan agency within the Executive Office of the President that advises thePresident of the United States on economic policy.

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NationalSecurity council

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isthe President's principal forum for considering national security and foreignpolicy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinetofficials.

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Cabinet

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TheCabinet of the United States is composed of the most senior appointed officersof the executive branch of the federal government of the United States, who aregenerally the heads of the federal executive departments.

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Veto

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thePresident can employ to prevent the passage of legislation. Even the threat ofa veto can bring about changes in the content of legislation long before thebill is ever presented to the President. The Constitution provides thePresident 10 days (excluding Sundays) to act on legislation or the legislationautomatically becomes law.

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Judicial Review

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doctrineunder which legislative and executive actions are subject to review by thejudiciary.

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Signing Statement

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signingstatement is a written pronouncement issued by the President of the UnitedStates upon the signing of a bill into law.

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Precedent

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a legal decision or form of proceeding serving as anauthoritative rule or pattern in future similar or analogous cases

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Marubry vs madison

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whichthe Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the UnitedStates under Article III of the Constitution.

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McCullochv Maryland

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The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of abranch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notesof banks not chartered in Maryland.

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DredScott v Sanford

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wasa landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held thatAfrican Americans, whether enslaved or free, could not be American citizens andtherefore had no standing to sue in federal court,and that the federalgovernment had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquiredafter the creation of the United States.

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Concurring opinon

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isa written opinion by one or more judges of a court which agrees with thedecision made by the majority of the court, but states different (oradditional) reasons as the basis for his or her decision

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dissentingopinion

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is an opinion in a legal case written by one or more judgesexpressing disagreement with the majority opinion of the court which gives riseto its judgment. When not necessarily referring to a legal decision, this canalso be referred to as a minority report.

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Ideologic bloc

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a group of legislators, usually of both major politicalparties, who vote together for some particular interest

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Personal Voter Registration

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Voter registration is the requirement in some democraciesfor citizens and residents to check in with some central registry specificallyfor the purpose of being allowed to vote in elections. An effort to get peopleto register is known as a voter registration drive.

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Jim Crow Laws

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were state and local laws enforcing racialsegregation in the Southern United States. Enacted after the Reconstructionperiod, these laws continued in force until 1965.

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Votingrights act of 1965

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signedinto law by President Lyndon Johnson (1908-73) on August 6, 1965, aimed toovercome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented AfricanAmericans from exercising their right to vote under the 15th Amendment

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Modern Campaign Messages

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donot typically focus on a candidate's issue stances and policy proposals.Instead, campaigns use personal stories about candidates reveal greaternarratives. Campaigns tell stories about their candidates to make theircandidate more credible and likeable

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Gerrymanderring

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is a practice that attempts to establish a politicaladvantage for a particular party or group by manipulating district boundariesto create partisan advantaged districts.

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Permanent campagin

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is a theory of political science conceived by PatrickCaddell, then a young pollster for U.S. President Jimmy Carter, who wrote amemo on December 10, 1976 entitled "Initial Working Paper on PoliticalStrategy".

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Electoral College

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Collegeis a process, not a place. The founding fathers established it in theConstitution as a compromise between election of the President by a vote inCongress and election of the President by a popular vote of qualified citizens.

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Market economy

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is an economy in which decisions regarding investment,production, and distribution are based on supply and demand, and prices ofgoods and services are determined in a free price system.

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Externalities

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is the cost or benefit thataffects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit.

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New Deal

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wasa series of domestic programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and1938, and a few that came later. They included both laws passed by Congress aswell as presidential executive orders during the first term

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Keynesian Economics

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isthe view, and the various theories about why, in the short run (and especiallyduring recessions) economic output is strongly influenced by aggregate demand

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Stagflation

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a portmanteau of stagnation and inflation, is a situation inwhich the inflation rate is high, the economic growth rate slows, andunemployment remains steadily high.

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Divided Government

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is the term used in the USA to refer to the situation inwhich one party controls the presidency while the other party controlsCongress. In other words, one party controls the executive while the otherparty controls the legislature.

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Free rider

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refers to a situation where some individuals in a populationeither consume more than their fair share of a common resource, or pay lessthan their fair share of the cost of a common resource.