Politicseu

Front 1

self-rule

Back 1

autonomy to determine their own political, socio-economic and/or cultural affairs/ separation

Front 2

shared-rule

Back 2

cooperation/integration

Front 3

power-sharing

Back 3

to rule jointly and to take decisons in consensus

Front 4

majority democracy

Back 4

elite competition and changing minorities

Front 5

consensus democracy

Back 5

elite cooperation and joint governance

Front 6

consociationalism

Back 6

linked to ethnically segmented societies

Front 7

corporatism or proportional democracy

Back 7

elite cooperation without segmental cleavages

Front 8

three philosophical approaches to Islam in Europe

Back 8

partial or absolute rejection of societal norms/ abandonment of strict practices of Islam/ adaptation of Islam

Front 9

multiculturalism

Back 9

immigrants should have the right to preserve habits and traditions on their home countries

Front 10

ethno-pluralism

Back 10

in order to preserve the unique national characters of different people they have to be separated

Front 11

nativism

Back 11

favors the interests of certain established inhabitants of an area or nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants

Front 12

bicameralism

Back 12

practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers

Front 13

presidential government

Back 13

popular election of the president who direct the goverment and makes appointments to it

Front 14

parliamentary government

Back 14

governing parties emerge from the assembly. government ministers are drawn from and and remains members of the legislatures

Front 15

vote of no confidence

Back 15

where the head of government and the council of ministers can be dismissed from office in a parliamentary government

Front 16

executive head of state

Back 16

indirectly elected/ not chief executive, rather a figure who is "above" day-to-day politics

Front 17

countries that have constitutional monarchies

Back 17

belgium, britain, denmark, netherlands, norway, spain, sweden

Front 18

countries with directly elected presidents (semi-presidential)

Back 18

France, Finland, Austria, Iceland, Ireland, Portugal

Front 19

countries with indirectly elected presidents

Back 19

Germany, Greece, Italy, Malta, Switzerland

Front 20

head of state - ceremonial leadership

Back 20

during state occasions, foreign visits, international conferences and the ratification of treaties and legislation

Front 21

head of state - popular leadership function

Back 21

guaranteeing the stability of the regime ensuring compliance and cooperation of the general public

Front 22

head of state- crisis leadership function

Back 22

during domestic crises of a political nature by trying to maintain balance

Front 23

head of government functions - policy making leadership

Back 23

to govern; to develop coherent social and economic programme and to contorl the state's various external relationships

Front 24

head of government functions - bureaucratic leadership

Back 24

overseeing the implementation of policy programme and legislation

Front 25

head of government functions - crisis leadership

Back 25

during domestic and/or international crises

Front 26

the cabinet - vital role for the political head of the major department of state

Back 26

responsible for the affairs of the department to the cabinet as a whole, legislature and electorate

Front 27

the cabinet - vital role for the member of government construed as a collective entity

Back 27

collective cabinet responsibility

Front 28

parliamentary govt - cabinet govt

Back 28

PM are chairs of council meetings; e.g. Finland, Netherlands

Front 29

parliamentary govt - prime ministerial govt

Back 29

hierarchy rather than collegiality; e.g. Germany

Front 30

parliamentary govt - ministerial govt

Back 30

Ministers operate without extensive direction from either prime minister of cabinet

Front 31

semi-presidential govt

Back 31

combining an elected president with a prime minister and cabinet accountable to parliament

Front 32

cohabitation

Back 32

president and PM are drawn from different political camps/ intensifies competition between the two principals and places the president in the position of leading both the nation and the opposition

Front 33

party families of the left

Back 33

social-democrats, communists, greens

Front 34

party families of the centre and right

Back 34

christian democrats, secular conservatives, liberals, far right

Front 35

social democratic family

Back 35

entered politics end 19th century/ mobilize to represent political interest of growing working class/ extended electoral appeal to middle class; e.g. Austria, France, Germany

Front 36

Communist family

Back 36

less successful at elecitons; collapse of communist regime; berlin wall 1989

Front 37

green parties

Back 37

remains marginal in Europe in 80s. Agenda: protect environment, international peace, aid for third world, equal treatment women, ethnic minorities

Front 38

christian democrats

Back 38

19th century; based in most of western Europe; response to secularizing and anti-clerical impulses from conservatives and liberals; religious emphasis only on moral issues: abortion, euthanasia

Front 39

secular conservatives (u.k.)

Back 39

opposition to state intervention, antitax parties, law and order, govt efficiency

Front 40

right-wing liberals

Back 40

fiscal rectitude and minimal state intervention; countries with strong Christian-democracy; need of anti-clerical component

Front 41

left-wing liberals

Back 41

individual right, social justice, and egalitarianism

Front 42

far right

Back 42

extremely conservative and highly xenophobic; heirs of fascist anti-system right wing mvoements; rising tide of racism in Europe; increasing disillusion in Europe; gaining popularity

Front 43

flash parties

Back 43

fall as quickly as they rise/ populist and inexperienced leaders/ activists operating on the margins of the law

Front 44

ES-M1 Election: simple plurality

Back 44

winner takes all; first past the post. Single member constituencises, selection of single candidates, plurality of votes, majority of votes is not necessary (U.K.)

Front 45

ES-M2 Election: second ballot system

Back 45

single candidate constituencies and single-choice voting (FPTP)/ to win the ballot, candidate needs overall majorty of votes/ no candidate gains a first ballot majority - run off ballot is held between the leading two candidates (FRANCE)

Front 46

ES-PR1 Party List system

Back 46

represent parties rather than territories: single constituency or large multimember constituencies/ seats directly proportioned to theier share of votes; vote for a party's candidate rather than single person; vary in how much choice voters have

Front 47

ES-PR2 Single Transferable Vote

Back 47

Multimember constituencies; Parties put forward as many candidates as there are seats to fill; Preferentially voting; Ranking in order of preference;
Candidates are elected if they achieve a quota; Votes are counted according to first preferences; If not all seats are filled, bottom candidate is eliminated
f.e. Ireland

Front 48

ES-M1 Mixed Member Proportional

Back 48

Combines geographical representation of the plurality with party representation of PR; electors have 2 votes; party list vote determines the number of seats to be awarded to each party; candidates from party list are used to top up its directly elected candidates until the correct (proportional) number of seats is acheived in each region (germany)