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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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politics
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The activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rule under which they live
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what are the 4 different views of politics
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art of government, public affairs, compromise and consensus, power and distribution of resources
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governance
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Managing complex societies requires also a wide range of public and private organizations
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working definition of politics
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The activity to which groups reach binding collective decisions attempting to reconcile differences among their members
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Easton's model
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Inputs --> demands/supports --> environment (political system) environment --> decisions/policies --> outputs ---------> inputs
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Traditional European Identity
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Common culture required, Development within a nation-state, View of the Euro-pessimists
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Modern European Identity
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No common culture required, Development also on supranational level, View of the Euro-optimists
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Comparative politics
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The study of the domestic politics of different countries
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Comparative Institutions
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The ones with/without a firm constitutional basis, Organizations of government and their mutual relations
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Comparative Societies
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People are more than badgets of the institutions they work for, How do social factors influence behaviour in politics
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Comparative states
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States as an active agent shaping and reshaping society, Priorities of the state impact on society
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cleavage
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Socio-political faultline between social groups which is powerful enough to structure political and more specifically, party political conflict
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relevant cleavages
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those which divide members into groups with important political differences at specific times and places
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Empirical element
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Define in socio-structural terms
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normative element
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Values and beliefs provide sense of identity to the empirical element, Reflections of self-consciousness
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organizational/ behavioural element
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Set of interactions, Political parties
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overlapping cleavages
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A big divide may overlap with another big divide, More potential for conflict
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cross-cutting cleavages
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A big divide cuts through another one
Less potential for conflict |
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2 changes to cleavages
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realignment and dealignment
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realignment
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New lines of (potential) conflict have been largely subsumed by existing party systems, New political parties emerge
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dealignment
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Cleavages have less structural capacity to influence, Cognitive mobilization of citizens, Interest-groups and mass media replaced political parties in fulfilling key political functions
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cleavages in europe
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religious, ethno-lingual-territorial, class-based
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religious cleavage
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Religious persists to influence politics in three ways: Church vs. state, Church vs. society, Religious values vs. social values
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ethno-linguistic-territorial cleavage
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Collection of people who share the same language or common culture based on language / Nation versus State: nationality, Language, Territory / Ethnic cleavages will decrease as society become fully mobilized and modernized
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comparing state and nation
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Every state is a nation, but not every nation is a state
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3 ways that ethno-lingual cleavages influence politics
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Minorities can form political parties, Political parties can be split up on an ethno-linguistic basis,Territorial identity expressed by traditional voting
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class-based cleavage
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A divide because of differences in:
Level and sources of income, Education |
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ideology of liberals
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Instrument of social control to ensure compliance and sub-orientation / Closed system of thought, which by claiming a monopoly of truth, refuses opposing ideas.
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ideology of conservatives
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Abstract ‘systems of thought / Dismiss ideology – faith in pragmatism
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ideology
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coherent set of ideas that provides a basis for organized political action whether this is intended to preserve, modify or overthrow the existing system of power relationship
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6 major themes of ideologies
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nature of the individual, nature of truth, role of the individual in society, source and limits of political authority, goals and organization of the economy, AND issue of equality
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nature of the individual
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Human nature is plastic or innate, Human nature is good or bad
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nature of truth
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One or multiple truths
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role of the individual in society
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Primacy of the individual or of the whole
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source and limits of political authority
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Authority does or does not spring from birth, heredity, wealth, intellectual superiority
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goals and organization of the economy
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Primacy of economy or of politics
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issue of equality
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Political and legal or economic equality
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Classic liberalism
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Extreme form of individualism, self seeking and self-reliant creatures / Atomist view of society / Unsympathetic attitude towards the state and government intervention / The state is a necessary evil’ (Paine) / Laissez-faire principle / Nightwatchman state
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Modern liberalism
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More sympathetic towards state intervention / US liberal=‘big government' / State intervention can enlarge liberty
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Paternalistic conservatism
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Outgrowth of traditional conservatism / Revolution from above was preferably to a revolution from under 'Nobless oblige’: responsibility to guide or protect those less fortunate or privileged / Pragmatic attitude towards economic policy / Blend of market competition and government regulations
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Conservatism – The New Right
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Counter revolution against post 1945 state intervention & liberal social values / Shift from market orientations / Thatcherism and Reaganism
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Neoliberalism
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State saps initiative and discourage enterprises
The nanny state: culture of dependence, undermine freedom |
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Neoconservatism
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Restore authority and traditional values
No permissiveness: no authoritative rules, people make their own choices |
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Socialism
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Reaction against emergence of industrial capitalism (19e century)
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Three variants of socialism
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Utopian, Democratic, Revolutionary
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Fascism
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Anti-character, Revolt against ideas and values since French revolution, Organically unified national community
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Anarchism
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Political authority is evil and unnecessary, Point of intersection
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Feminism
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Sexual or gender inequality
Structure of male powers should be overturned |
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Environmentalism
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Damage to natural world by economic development, Alternative to anthropocentrism in other ideologies (ecocentrism)
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Fukuyama
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Not ideology had become irrelevant, Single ideology, Liberal democracy had triumphed, Collapse of communism
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Postmodernism
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Ideologies are grand narratives
Products of period of modernization that has now passed |
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political party
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Any political group identified by an official label that presents at elections and is capable of placing through elections candidates for public office
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Cadre party
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Party of notables, Dominated by an informal group of leaders, Developed out of parliamentary factions of cliques, Ex. 19th century conservatives and liberal parties
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Mass party
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Large card-carrying membership, Represent a social group, Developed outside assembly, Ex. Socialists parties in Germany and UK
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Party of representation
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Securing votes in elections, Re-active strategy (listen to public, then do what public wants), Reflect rather than shape public opinion, Rational choice models of political behaviour
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Party of integration
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Pro-active strategy, Mobilize, Educate and inspire the masses, “we are in favor of this.. Follow us”
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Catch-all Party (pokemon)
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Developed from existing elite of mass parties, Integrative tasks became stronger than articulative function, Reduce ideological baggage to appeal to the largest possible number of votes, Coalition partner, Ex. CDU in Germany- Volkspartei
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iron law of oligarchy
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‘who says organization, says oligarchy’
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one-party system
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Single power enjoys a monopoly of power through exclusion of all other parties
Ex. State socialist regimes: Apparatchiki run the party apparatus and exercise supervision over both the state and social institutions |
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two-party system
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Two parties with an even chance in winning power, Number of ‘minor’ parties may exists, Largest party rules/opposition by the other one
Power alternates between the two parties Ex. Great Britain Conversatives Labour |
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dominant party system
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Number of parties compete for power in regular and popular elections. A single major party consequently enjoys prolonged periods in power, Not be confused with one-party system
Ex. Sweden: Social democratic Party Leading party since 1917 Average 44% of votes Single-party minority administration (Mexico) |
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multiparty systems
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Consequence of proportional representation, Internal checks and balances within government, Debate, conciliation of compromise. Fractured and unstable
Italy : postwar government; average of 10 months Not always: Germany (two-and-a-half-party system) |
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Christian democrats
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Response to secularizing and anti-clerical impulses from conservatives and liberals
Nowadays: religious emphasis only on moral issues: abortion, euthanasia |
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Mutualism
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basic idea of anarchy / small communities of peasants could manage own life of equitable exchange – people mutually dependent through production and exchange of goods / going back to Feudalism / guilds /
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pillarization
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creates societies within in societies. Schools, trade unions, newspapers, all added to pillars. Then finally, political parties are added to it. And the pillars aren’t connected. All goes back to nation-building, which was started by religion.
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