Politics Test 2

Front 1

Polygarchy

Back 1

A political regime with high levels of both contestation and inclusion; coined by Robert Dahl

This is important in politics because a good democracy will have both high levels of inclusion and high levels of contestation

Front 2

Contestation

Back 2

The extent to which citizens are free to organize themselves to press for the outcomes they desire; the procedures of democratic competition ex: freedom of press, freely chosen leaders

Front 3

Inclusion

Back 3

Who gets to participate in democracies

Front 4

Regime

Back 4

A set of political institutions/ what defines the government in a broad sense "norms, organization, rules, etc."

Important because while regime has a negative connotation, any government has a regime.

Front 5

Freedom House

Back 5

An independent, nongovernmental organization that has, among other things, provided an annual measure of global freedom for countries around the world.

Front 6

Glorious Revolution of 1688

Back 6

The replacement of James 1 and 7th woth William of Orange and Mary. Very few people died in the rev. This represented the beginning of limited government

Front 7

Credible commitment problem

Back 7

When an individual in a position of power makes a promise that they may have incentive to renounce at a later time and who holds power over those benefitting from the promise. This is important because Kings used to be able to take from the treasurey with no incentive to pay it back as they held all the power of the state

Front 8

Modernization Theory

Back 8

Democracy is more likely to emerge and survive as countries develop and become richer

Front 9

Survival story

Back 9

Democracy is more likely to survive as countries develop and become richer, but not more likely to emerge

Front 10

Why is it important to know Modernization theory and survival story?

Back 10

Both believe that democracy is more common in rich countries than poor countries and transitions to dictatorships become less likely when income increases. Knowing this can help us predict what democracies will survive and whoch countries may shift to democracies

Front 11

Economic rent

Back 11

Unearned income/the extra amount earned by a resource

Important because having this can be extremely beneficial to the country that holds it

Front 12

Official Development Assistance (ODA)

Back 12

Donor countries give funds to recipient countries to accomplish a goal and is essentially the purchase of a policy.

Important to recognize becayse no country will donate money to another without some potential benefit or gain

Front 13

Rentier State

Back 13

A state whoch recieves all or most of its revenue by selling (renting) resources to foreign powers. When looking at the economies of nations and countries, knowing it is a rentier state is helpful

Front 14

Natural Resource Curse

Back 14

When countries have an abundance of a natural resource yet have less economic growth, democracy, and development than other countries that do not have these resources

Important bc: these less developed countries then rely on exporting materials and this economic growth can determine their political structure and likelihood to be a democracy

Front 15

Social capital

Back 15

The collective calue of sofial networks and shared norms that promotes reciprocity, trust, and social cooperation

Front 16

Civic culture

Back 16

A shared cluster of attitudes that are thought to promote democracy and demonstrate performance

Front 17

Reporters without Borders

Back 17

An international group that monitors and reports on press freedom violations and advocates for free press. It has been essential to understanding how information travels and to what degree the world has free press.

Front 18

Samuel Huntington

Back 18

A poltical book author that with his published work champions the idea that some countries simply act is better "soil" to plant democracy, these countries being European, as other religions such as Islam cannot harmonise with the ideas of democracy. This is important because it encourages us to examine how religion and by extension culture impact the political climate of a state

Front 19

Confucianism

Back 19

A philosophy based off the ideas of Confucius and Mencius that everyone is working towards role perfection to achieve harmony. Important to keep in mind because many countries hold a philosophy insyead of a religion, or combine ideologies based on their influence in the area, varying culture.

Front 20

Isabel dos Santos

Back 20

Daughter of the former dictator of Angola who became a billionaire by extension of her father. She hid the money in foreign banks so the new dictator could not get it. The money was gained through oil revenue. Her court case demonstrates what it is like to be a Rentier State including the large influx of money which is often too much to handle and spurs greed in its leaders

Front 21

The Ultimatum Game

Back 21

2 individuals are paired one being the proposer and 1 being responder. The proposer is given a portion of a desired material and gives the responder a portion of the proposers' choosing. If the responder takes it they leave with their portions, if they reject, they both get nothing. This game demonstrated if 1 person has all the power something is better than nothing with the responder feels the game amount is unfair they can turn down the offer

This demonstrates that even in a democracy where the state holds most of the power the citizens still have an option to choose nothing or to leave or exit

Front 22

Social desireability bias

Back 22

The tendency of participants in a survey to answer questions in a way that will be viewed favourably by others this is important given mind when doing research studies participants may not answer entirely honestly

Front 23

World Values Survey

Back 23

Global research project that explores people's values and beliefs how they change over time and what social and political impact they have the state. This is important when looking to see what countries share a similar culture or hold similar values