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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nordic Political Model
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•Constitutional monarchies and republics
•All are transforming to parliamentary democracies w/ proportional representation and weak heads of state |
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Nordic Political Model -- Scandinavian 5-Party Model
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•2 socialist, 3 non-socialist parties
•Simple left-right axis •Communist, socialist, agrarian, liberal, conservative •Strong Social Democratic parties in Scandinavian states •Sweden is the most perfect example of the 5-party model •Each party linked to a particular revolution |
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Nordic Political Model -- Changes since 1970's
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•Less ideological differences between the main parties
•New parties don't fit well on the left-right axis •Political campaigns are changing to be more commercial and expensive, with the party leaders being more public figures |
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Nordic Political Model -- Participation
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•High level of female participation and representation
•High levels of political participation and election turnouts |
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Nordic Political Model -- Trade Unions
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•Traditionally very strong
•Labeled corporatism because of the amount of influence had by the unions |
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Nordic Political Model -- Consensual Democracy
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•Peaceful
•Aiming to work together to be efficient, rather than being antagonistic, and to work together •Low level of opposition to or breaking the rules |
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Nordic Economic Model
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1) Strong high-technology sector with ICT, pharmaceuticals etc.
2) Economic interests highly organized 3) Large public sector and high levels of national income devoted to maintaining welfare state system |
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Nordic Economic Model -- Differences in Countries
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•Sweden is the strongest (industrial)
•All others were agricultural, with Finland being the last to move away from that. •Norway and Iceland - FIsheries and energy |
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Nordic Welfare State Model -- Development
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•Linked to periods of economic growth post-WWII
•Social Democratic parties ready for state intervention and active measures (w/ support from agrarian parties) •Middle way between two extremes of US and USSR |
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Nordic Welfare State Model -- Features
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•Universality
•"Equality in results" •Strong role of the state •Financed through taxes |
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Nordic Welfare State Model -- Challenges
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•Economic crisis in the 1970’s shook the foundations of the Nordic welfare state
•New crisis in the 1990’s with mass unemployment and decrese in GDP and exports •Political consensus was broken •Governments shifted their focus to national competitiveness – export industries, cost of employment, privatisation of services etc. •Cities and rural municipalities have trouble providing services •The population is aging. |
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Nordic Model of International Relations
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•Joint labor market
•Travelling without passports •Negotiators and mediators promoting for peace •Little in common to create a Nordic Model of International Relations |
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Nordic Model of International Relations -- Post-WWII Security Conditions
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•different WWII experiences led to different post-war security arrangements:
•German occupation in Norway and Denmark •Swedish tradition of neutrality •Allied occupation in Iceland •Finno-Soviet conflict |
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Nordic Model of International Relations -- Nordic Balance
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•Iceland with US military presence
•Norway and Denmark in NATO with ’minimum conditions’ •Swedish neutrality backed by a relatively strong defence •Close Finnish relations to the Soviet Union •Helped to keep peace at a strategically important area during the Cold War |
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Nordic Model of International Relations -- European Intergration
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•Reactive role
•Different approaches to institutions of integration in Europe: •Denmark with strongest interest in integration but with reservations •Sweden – from neutrality to late integration •Finland as the enthusiastic latecomer •Norway and Iceland still outside the EU |
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Nordic Model -- Overview
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•Nordic identity has been strongest in the post-war period
•Middle way – staying outside the Cold War divisions •small state status •economic success without sacrificing democracy •Sweden is the model society •Still an important and relevant model to use |
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Nordic Model of International Relations -- Post-WWII Steps toward integration
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•European Coal and Steel Community (1951)
•Western European Union (1954) •European Economic Community (1957) •European Free Trade Area (1960) |
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Nordic Welfare State Model -- Creation
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•Created concurrently with the rise in labor unions and social concerns, to combat industrialization
•Responsibility for welfare shifted from the parish to the state in 20th century |
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Nordic Welfare State Model -- Development
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1) Reform of previous income-based benefits to introduce new, universal measures
•1940's-50's •Child benefits, national pensions 2) Intro of new income-based benefits •1950's-60's •Health insurance, unemployment benefits, employee pension 3) Expansion of public services •1960's-70's •Children's day care, public health care |
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Nordic Welfare State Model -- In Practice
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•Towns and municipalities provide basic services:
•Health care •Social services •Culture •Electricity, water supply, housing, etc. •Some services are provided by a cooperation of municipalities |
