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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Powers of Congress
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power to declare war,deal with piracy, regulate foreign commerce, and raise and regulate the armed forces and military installations.
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constituency
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the residents in the area from which an official is elected
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bicameral
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having a legislative assembly composed of 2 chambers or houses
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terms of senate
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6 yr terms
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Members of the house
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435 elected from districts apportioned according to population
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sociological representation
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a type of representation in which representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents
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agency representation
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type of representation that takes place when constituents have the power to hire and fire their representatives
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incumbency
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holding a political office for which one is running
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term limits
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legally prescribed limits on the number of terms an elected official can serve
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term limits are the only way to....
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....a way of getting new faces into congress.
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apportionment
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the process occuring after every 10 yr census that allocates congressional seats among the 50 states.
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redistricting
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the process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislative representatives
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gerrymandering
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the manipulation of electoral districcts to serve the interests of a particular group
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patronage
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congress having the opportunity to provide direct benefits to their constituents
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pork barrel
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appropriations made by legislative bodies for local projects that are often not needed but that are created so that local representatives can win re-elections in their home districts.
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private bill
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a proposal in congress to grant some kind of relief, special privilege, or exemption to the person named in the bill.
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speaker of the house
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the chief presiding officer of the House of Reps. most important leader & can influence legislative agenda
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Majority leader
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the elected leader of the majority party in the House of Reps or Senate
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conference(republican)/
caucus(democrat) |
every 2 years at the beginning of a new congress, the members of each party gather to elect their house leaders.
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Minority leader
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the elected leader of the minority party in House or Senate
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whip
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member of House or Senate who coordinate the partys legislative strategy, building support for key issues and counting votes
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standing committee
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permanent committee with the power to propose and write legislation that covers a particular subject, such as finance or agriculture
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select committee
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temporary legislative committee set up to highlight or investigate a particular issue not within jurisdiction of existing committee.
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joint committee
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a permanent legislative committee formed of members of both the House and Senate
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4 joint committees
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economic taxation library & printing
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conference committee
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a joint committee created to work out a compromise on House and Senate versions of a piece of legislation
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seniority
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ranking given to an individual on the basis of length of continuous service on a committee in congress
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staff agency
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a congressional legislative support agency responsible providing legislative branch with resources and expertise independent of the executive branch
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caucus(congressional)
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groups of senators or representatives who share certain opinions, interests, or social characteristics.
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bill
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a proposed law that has been sponsored by a member of congress and submitted to the clerk of the House or Senate
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committee markup
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sessions in which committees rewrite bills to reflect changes discussed during the hearings.
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closed rule
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a provision by the House Rules Committee limiting or prohibiting the introduction of amendments during debate. (bill supporters)
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open rule
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Provision by House Rules permiting potentially damaging floor debate and makes it easier to add ammendments that may cripple the bill or weaken its chance of passage.
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STEP 1-BILL TO LAW
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DRAFTING LEGISLATION..OFFICIALLY SUBMITTING A BILL BY REP OR SENATOR TO CLERK OF HOUSE OR SENATE & REFERRED TO THE APPROPRIATE COMMITTEE
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STEP 2-BILL TO LAW
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COMMITTEE MARKUP SESSIONS
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STEP 3-BILL TO LAW
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DEBATE ON THE FLOOR OF THE HOUSE AND SENATE
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filibuster
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tactic used by members of the senate to prevent action on legislation they oppose by continuously holding the floor and speaking until the majority backs down. unlimited time to speak. 3/5 vote of senate to end it.
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cloture
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rule allowing a majority of 2/3 or 3/5 of the members of a legislative body to set a time limit on debate over a given bill.
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STEP 4-BILL TO LAW
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AFTER DEBATE, THE BILL IS SCHEDULED FOR A VOTE ON THE FLOOR OF EACH CHAMBER
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STEP 5-BILL TO LAW
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THE HOUSE-SENATE CONFERENCE COMMITTEE'S VERSION OF THE BILL MUST BE APPROVED ON THE FLOOR OF EACH CHAMBER
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FINAL STEP-BILL TO LAW
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PRESIDENTIAL APPROVAL
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VETO
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THE PRESIDENTS CONSTITUTIONAL POWER TO TURN DOWN ACTS OF CONGRESS.
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HOW TO OVERRIDE A PRESIDENTIAL VETO?
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2/3 VOTE IN EACH HOUSE OF CONGRESS
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POCKET VETO
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PRESIDENTIAL VETO THAT IS AUTOMATICALLY TRIGGERED IF THE PRESIDENT DOES NOT ACT ON A GIVEN PIECE OF LEGISLATION PASSED DURING THE FINAL 10 DAYS OF SESSION
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party unity vote
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a roll-call vote in House or Senate in which at least 50% of the members take a position
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roll-call vote
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a vote in which each legislators yes or no vote is recorded as the clerk calls roll
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logrolling
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a legislative practice whereby agreements are made between legislators in voting for or against a bill; "vote trading"
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oversight
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the effort to oversee or to supervise how the executive branch carries out legislation
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appropriations
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the amounts of money approved by congress in statutes(bills) that each unit or agency of govt can spend
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executive agreement
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agreement made between the president and another country, that has the force of a treaty but doesnt require the Senate's "advice & consent"
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impeachment
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the formal charge by the House of Reps that a govt official has committed "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors"
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2 instances of impeachment
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ANDREW JOHNSON
BILL CLINTON |
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delegate
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a representative who votes according to the preferences of his/her constituency
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trustee
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representative who votes based on what he/she thinks is best for his/her consituency
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article 2 of the constitution states
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"the executive power shall be vested in a president of the USA"
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expressed powers
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specific powers granted BY the constitution
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delegated powers
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powers given to the president BY congress
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inherent powers
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powers claimed by a president that are not expressed in the constitution but are inferred from it
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categories of expressed powers
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military, judicial, diplomatic, executive & legislative
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military exp. power
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power to be "Commander in chief"
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judicial exp. power
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power to "grant reprieves & pardons for offenses except impeachment"
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diplomatic exp. power
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the president is Americas "head of state" chief representative in dealings w/other nations, power to make treaties
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executive exp. power
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power to see to it that all the laws are faithfully executed. also to appoint & remove & supervise all executive officers
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legislative exp. power
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power to participate in the legislative process & veto power
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commander in chief
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the role of the president as commander of the national military and the state national guard units
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last time congress declared war
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December 1941
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war powers resolution
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resolution of Congress that the president can send troops into action abroad only by authorization of Congress or if American troops are already under attack
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executive privilege
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the claim that confidential communications between the president and close advisors should not be revealed without the consent of the president.
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legislative initiative
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the presidents inherent power to bring a legislative agenda before congress
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executive order
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a rule or regulation issued by the president that has the effect and formal status of legislation
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the cabinet
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secretaries/chief administrators, of the major departments of the federal government. appointed by the president with the consent of senate
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National Security Counsel
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presidential foreign policy advisory council composed of the president, the VP, the secretaries of state, defense and the treasury, attorney general & other officials INVITED by the president
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white house staff
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analysts and advisers to the president "special assistant"
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kitchen cabinet
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an informal group of advisers to whom the president turns to guidance
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purpose of VP
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1) to succeed the president in case of death, resignation, or incapacitation
2) to preside over the senate, casting a tie-breaking vote when neccessary |
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most influential VP in american history
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Dick Cheney
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how many VPs have had to replace presidents who died in office?
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6
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mandate
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a claim by a victorious candidate that the electorate has given him/her special authority to carry out promises made during the campaign.
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in what 3 ways can presidents expand their power?
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party, popular mobilization & administration
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monocracy
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republican form of monarchy, without a king.
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criminal law
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the branch of law that regulates the conduct of individuals, defines crimes, and specifies punishment for criminal acts
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plaintiff
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the individual or organization who brings a complaint in court
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defendant
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the one against whom a complaint is brought in a criminal or civil case
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civil law
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the branch of law that deals with disputes that do not involve criminal penalties- involves individuals
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2 most common types of civil cases
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contracts & torts
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precedent
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prior decisions, judges use the principles as the basis for decisions in present cases
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stare decisis
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"let the decision stand"
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trial court
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the first court to hear a criminal or civil case. (murder, robbery, fraud, theft & assault)
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court of appeals
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a court that hears appeals of trial court decisions
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supreme court
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the highest court in a particular state or in the US
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plea bargain
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a negotiated agreement in a criminal case in which a defendant agrees to plead guilty in return for the state's agreement to reduce the severity of the criminal charge or prison sentence
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jurisdiction
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the sphere of a court's power and authority
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due process of law
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the right to counsel
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writ of habeas corpus
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order that the individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention
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original jurisdiction
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the authority to initially consider a case. its the courts that are responsible for discovering the facts in a controversey and creating the record on which a judgement is based.
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chief justice
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justice on the supreme court who presides over the court's public sessions
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judicial review
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the power of the courts to review and if neccessary declare actions of of the legislative and executive branches unconstitutional
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supremacy clause
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declares the constitution itself and laws made under its authority the supreme law of the land
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brown v. board of education
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prohibited segregated schools bc it denied black school kids equal protection under the law
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loving v. virginia
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court invalidated a virginia statute prohibiting interracial marriages
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griswold v. connecticut
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court invalidated a statute prohibiting the general distribution of contraceptives to married couples
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brandenburg v. ohio
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court overturned a statute forbidding any person to urge criminal acts as a means of inducing political reform
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common law
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judge made law
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administrative law
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rules made thru agency personnel interpretation
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"rule of 4"/ writ of cert
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four supreme court officials have to agree to hear the case
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youngest person on a federal appeals court?
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Larry Edmondson
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government in the sunshine act
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agency rule making is open to the public "sunlight is the best disinfectant" if people see the govt, it will stay clean.
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what are the legs of the iron triangle?
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armed service, defense department, clientele group
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theories of bureaucracy: Monopolistic Model
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less efficient & more costly
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theories of bureaucracy: garbage can model
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aimlessly moving from goal to goal trying to solve problems
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theories of bureaucracy: Aquisitive Model
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always answer in the affirmative. if it benefits them increases their pristige & brings in money
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Nancy Pelosi
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most powerful congresswoman
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Whips
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majority of the time pass votes already knowing the outcome
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2 functions of party leadership
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1. scheduling of legislation and 2. committee assignments
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how many reps does ga have?
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15 reps
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amendment #23
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3 electoral votes for DC
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how many electoral college votes are there
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538 votes
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how do you get on a committee?
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its based on seniority
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theories of beurocracy: Webarian
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bureaucracies are rational, hierarchical organizations in which power flows from the top down
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virtues of bureaucracy
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Fairness & impartiality of service delivery
Large reservoir of expertise Institutional memory |
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HOW MANY DEPARTMENTS ARE THERE IN THE BUREAUCRACY
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15
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AT WILL EMPLOYEES
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political appointees and may be fired “at-will” of their supervisor.
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MERIT EMPLOYEES
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“civil-service” employees and are hired based on their merit
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WHAT ARE THE ROLES OF CONGRESSMEN
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MAKE LAWS, CONSTITUENCY SERVICES, REPRESENTATION, PUBLIC EDUCATION, CONFLICT RESOLUTION
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BAKER V. CARR
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1ST TIME SUPREME COURT AGREED M.A.L WAS A CASE THEYD HEAR
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14 AMENDMENT
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EQUAL PROTECTION UNDER THE LAW
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REYNOLDS V. SIMMS
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CAN HAVE BICAMERAL LEGISLATION BUT STATE LEVEL MUST BE BASED ON POPULATION
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WESTBURY V. SANDERS
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1 PERSON, 1 VOTE. ALL DISTRICTS SHOULD HAVE SAME AMOUNT OF PEOPLE
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FISCAL YEAR
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OCT 1-SEPT 30. ANNUAL BUDGET STARTS. IF THEY CANT PASS THE BUDGET THEYLL ADOPT A RESOLUTION UNTIL
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RIDER
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ADDING SOMETHING TO LEGISLATION THATS COMPLETELY OFF TOPIC
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SPOILS SYSTEM
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TO THE VICTOR BELONGS THE SPOILS-ANDREW JACKSON
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PENDLETON ACT
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CIVIL SERVICE REFORM ACT-REPLACED SPOIL SYSTEM WITH MERIT SYSTEM.
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HATCH ACT
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PROTECTS GOVT WORKERS FROM POLITICAL INITIATION
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WHISTLE BLOWER
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PUBLICLY RELAYS INFO ABOUT ILLEGAL ACTIVITY IN COHORTS.
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SIZE OF BUREAUCRACY
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MORE THAN 3 MILLION
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4 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES OF BUREAUCRACY
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CABINET DEPARTMENTS, INDEPENDENT AGENCIES, REGULATORY AGENCIES, GOVT CORPORATIONS
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NEWEST CABINET
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HOMELAND SECURITY
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INDEPENDENT AGENCIES
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ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES OF BUREAUCRACY: SMALLER AND MORE FOCUSED, PERCIEVED SYMBOLIC (nasa nsa)
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REGULATORY AGENCIES
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ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES OF BUREAUCRACY: SPECIALIZE IN SPECIFIC ECONOMIC SECTOR
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GOVT CORPORATIONS
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ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES OF BUREAUCRACY: OPPERATES LIKE A BUSINESS-NO PROFIT
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CIVIL SERVICE REFORM ACT
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CREATED ADDITIONAL EMPLOYEE SAFEGUARDS (WHISTLE BLOWERS)
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PRIVATIZATION
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Contracting out govt services
EX:Use private firms for detention centers |
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ISSUE NETWORK
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various groups form an alliance over a particular issue and but may not generally agree on other issues.
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standing
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to initiate a court case individuals must show that they have a substantial stake in the outcome of the case
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mootness
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a criterion used by courts to screen cases that no longer require resolution
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brief
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a written document in which attorneys explain, using case precedents, why the court should find in favor of their client
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oral argument
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stage in supreme court procedure in which attorneys for both sides appear before the court to present their positions and answer questions posed by justices
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opinion
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the written explanation of the supreme court's decision in a particular case
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dissenting opinion
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justices who disagree with the majority decision of the court may choose to publicize the character of their disagreement.
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judicial restraint
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aka "strict constructionists" they look strictly to the words of the constitution when interpreting meaning
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judicial activism
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judicial philosopy that posits that the court should go beyond the words of the constitution or a statute to consider the broader societal implcations of its decisions
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class-action suit
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a legal action by which a group or class of individuals with common interests can file a suit on behalf of everyone who shares that interest
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"Red Tape"
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generally includes the filling out of seemingly unnecessary paperwork, obtaining of unnecessary licenses, having multiple people or committees approve a decision and various low-level rules that make conducting one's affairs slower, more difficult, or both.
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Dillon's Rule
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It maintains that a political subdivision of a state is connected to the state as a child is connected to a parent. it is used in interpreting state law when there is a question of whether or not a local government has a certain power.
(have expressed power, implied power, & essential indespensable power) |
