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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the core principle of anarchism? |
Rejection of the state as it is an unnecessary evil based on unjust hierarchy e.g. church, capitalism |
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What are the three aspects of the state? |
Government - system of rule based on deceit and violence Authority - the right of one person/institution to influence the behaviour of others Power - instruments by which the state secure their authority |
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What is the anarchist view of the state? |
State, based on deceit and violence, restricts liberty and prevents individuals exercising power over themselves. Voting is a fraud. |
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How can the state be overthrown by direct action? |
Non-payment of taxes Non-compliance with conscription orders Mass strike to bring about revolution |
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How can the state be overthrown by establishing a moral society? |
Education to create perfect humans relied on to exercise private, rational judgement well so state would become irrelevant and wither away |
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How can the state be overthrown by peaceful and gradual abolition? |
Achieved through democratic political process as anarchist ideas gained popularity so people vote to dismantle state |
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How can the state be overthrown by withdrawing from society to become an autonomous individual? |
the state would have no relevenace for, or hold over, a person |
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How is the state commanding? |
Can coerce a person to act against their will, forcing the individual to suspend their reason and remove their autonomy |
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How is the state controlling? |
Authority control suppresses initiative and creativity and stifles individual self-realisation |
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How is the state corrupting? |
Those in authority lose contact with their 'true' human nature due to wealth and power, so abuse those under them, defending inequality with force |
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How do anarcho-individualists believe the state defends economic inequality? |
Taxation is no more than state 'robbery' imposed by the veiled threat of force |
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How do anarcho-collectivists believe the state defends economic inequality? |
Globally, state protects elites of industrially developed countries through institutions e.g G20 and World Bank Protects private property and the privileged position of the wealthy |
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What is liberty? |
The freedom for individuals to pursue their own best interests and freedom from state control |
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What are anarchist views on order? |
Most want to establish an ordered society but believe capitalist state encourages disorder as oppressed will try to topple it |
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What is the view of liberty and human nature by individualist anarchists? |
Humans are rational, autonomous, competitive and self-interested individuals but authority is commanding (prevents autonomy) and controlling (no freedom to explore one's individuality) |
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What is the view of liberty and human nature by collectivist anarchists? |
State prevents humans from being unselfish and collaborative so a person can only be free when everyone is free to fulfill their potential and are equal (no class system) |
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What is the anarchist view of society and social order? |
Social order occurs naturally and spontaneously, based on rational, social and cooperative human nature |
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What would an anarchist society include? |
No centralised controlling body. Instead, a decentralised association of independent self-governing districts, where free and equal individuals would cooperate voluntarily |
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What are anarcho-individualist views on liberty? |
Advocate unrestrained, individual liberty free from all constraints, with some voluntary associations but only for their own personal interest |
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What are anarcho-communist views on liberty? |
Liberty is absolute and achieved through mutually supportive communities with concepts of natural law. |
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What are mutualist views on liberty? |
A balance between indivualism and collectivism to creat a condition of complete liberty |
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What are anarcho-individualist views on order? |
Individuals should act freely without legal, political, social,moral or religious constraints. Stateless society would promote rationalism, autonomy and self-interest to guarantee social order. |
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What are anarcho-communist views on order? |
Divisive nature of capitalism undermines human altruism. Common ownership and mutualism encourage cooperative altruistic behaviour, which maintains social order. |
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What are anarcho-capitalist views on order? |
The free market will enable competitive, rational, self-interested individuals to make decisions in their own best interests, establishing natural order |
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Why do anarchists advocate for economic freedom? |
So people can conduct their economic affairs autonomously without state ownership, regulation or intervention. |
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What is utopianism? |
A set of beliefs that creates a model of an ideal or perfect future society, to develop critical analysis of existing society. |
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What does the Anarchist utopian society rely on? |
A positive view of human nature and it's potential for development - peace, harmony, order and complete freedom. |
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What is the collectivist objection to a capitalist economy? |
Capitalism is based on inequality, exploration ajd private property. It uses the state to protect the privileged and oppress the masses. |
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What is the collectivist solution to the capitalist economy? |
Replace capitalism with collective ownership or mutualism to encourage human altruism and develop liberty and natural order |
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What is the collectivist objection to a state socialist economy? |
Under state socialism, the state has become the exploring power over the masses, simply replacing the capitalist ruling elite so no real freedom exists. |
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What is the collectivist solution to a state socialist economy? |
Replace state socialism with genuine collective ownership or mutualism to encourage human altruism and develop liberty and natural order |
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What is the anarcho-capitalist objection to a capitalist economy? |
State intervention in the economy restricts completion, choice and liberty by skewing the market and creating public and private monopolies |
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What is the anarcho-capitalist solution to a capitalist economy? |
Remove state to allow entirely free competive market with private property. Rational, autonomous and self-interested individuals can make judgements in own interests, creating natural order |
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What is the anarcho-capitalist objection to a state socialist economy? |
Reliance on state planning and ownership of production rejects property rights and liberty |
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What is the anarcho-capitalist solution to a state socialist economy? |
Replace state socialism with a wholly free competive market since individuals can experience economic freedom only through free competition with no outside interference |
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How do collectivist anarchists believe utopia will be achieved? |
Remove capitalism. Common ownership, economic equality and natural aid will foster altruism. |
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How do individualist anarchists believe utopia will be achieved? |
Removal of the state with no social or economic organisation to allow autonomy to flourish |
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How do anarcho-capitalists believe utopia will be achieved? |
A stateless society based on natural and unregulated economic competition, including the pursuit of property |
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What are critisisms of the anarchist view of utopia? |
Perfect anarchist stateless society is unachievable / no utopia so far achieved Unrealistic - overly optimistic view of human nature as people are selfish/ competitive, so society/economy would be dominated by wealthy. |
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Who was Max Stirner? |
Leading figure of egoist individualist anarchism whose key ideas included the Ego (rational and self-interested individual) and Union of Egoists (insurrection not revolution) |
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Who was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon? |
Mutualist who opposed private property and collectivism, and believed the state should be rejected and removed peacefully. |
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Who was Mikhail Bakunin? |
Collectivist anarchist and opponent of capitalism, private property, religion and state. Believed humans are sociable and state should be replaced using propoganda by the deed to trigger a revolution. |
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Who was Peter Kropotkin? |
Anarcho-communidt who wrote 'Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution'. Supported mutual aid and revolution to replace the state. |
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Who was Emma Goldman? |
Advocated communal individuality and believed the state is a 'cold monster' and that revolution is essential |
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What is collectivist anarchism? |
Collective over individual - abolition of the state so common ownership will promote the tractional, altruistic and cooperative aspects of human nature |
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What is anarcho-communism? |
Full communism in the pursuit of liberty, economic freedom and natural order |
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What is anarcho-communism based on? |
Human solidarity, freely formed small-scale autonomous communities, direct democracy, common ownership of the wealth produced and economic equality |
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What is the collectivist view of human nature? |
'True' human nature is sociable, cooperative and altruistic. Relationships are naturally based on mutual assistance, social unity and harmony. |
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What is the collectivist view of the state? |
State has to be abolished as it rules through coercion and deception, defends capitalist economy inequalities and has a negative impact on human nature. Revolutionary action. |
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What is the collectivist view of society? |
Society organised into voluntarily communities of producers and consumers. Responsible for the production and distribution of goods. |
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What is the collectivist view of the economy? |
Capitalism destroyed and replaced with more collective and equal economic arrangements. Private property abolished and individuals own the products of their labour. |
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What is the anarcho-communist view of human nature? |
Reject the view that people are self-seeking and competitive - we are naturally empathetic, sociable and cooperative. |
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What is the anarcho-communist view of the state? |
Humans are capable of peaceful and harmonious self-government and therefore don't need to be subject to state control |
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What is the anarcho-communist view of society? |
Decisions made collectively using a localised form of direct democracy to reflect the wishes of a specific community |
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What is the anarcho-communist view of economy? |
Capitalism and private property are rejected because of the oppression and inequality they create. Common ownership and 'from each according to their ability, to each according to their need' |
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What is the key disagreement between Marxists and collectivist anarchists? |
Marxists believe post-revolution a temporary socialist state should protect revolution and prepare for stateless communism. Collectivists believe all forms of state are immoral, unjust and corrupting. |
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What is the key disagreement between individualist and collectivist anarchists? |
Collectivist reject the view social and economic problems can be remedied by the individual or free market and regard revolution as the only way to overthrow authority |
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What is mutualism? |
Moderate collectivist anarchism based on ideas of Proudhon. Provides a link betweeen the two main strand. |
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How would mutualism function? |
Self-governing producers, reject profiteering and exploitation, and exchange goods and services equitably and fairly - allows small-scale private property |
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What is anarcho-syndicalism? |
Argue trade unions are vehicle for revolutionary change. Voluntary organisations, trade unions would form basis of a stateless and classless anarchist society |
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What is the mutualist view of human nature? |
Positive view as we have productive abilities and creativity as producers. Firm view of solidarity. |
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What is the mutualist view of society? |
People bound together is small communities by mutually beneficial economic and social relations. Based on possession, ensuring producers are entitled to their products of their labour. |
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What is the mutualist view of the state? |
State is oppressive and must be peacefully abolished through democratic process. Federation organised bottom up based on voluntarily agreements. |
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What is the mutualist view of economy? |
Economic system with individuals and small worker associations engaging in mutually beneficial echa change based on contracts freely entered into + people's bank. |
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What is the anarcho-syndicalist view of human nature? |
Postive view with emphasis on people's capacity for social solidarity and regards work and creativity as essential to human existence. |
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What is the anarcho-syndicalist view of society? |
Trade union organisations in self-governing federations to guarantee order |
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What is the anarcho-syndicalist view of the state? |
Both state and capitalism are oppressive. General strike with mass demonstration and violence to destroy the state. |
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What is the anarcho-syndicalist view of economy? |
Self-governing workers' federations would become owners of own means of production and engage in mutually beneficial exchange of goods, based on the real value of labour. |
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What is individualist anarchism? |
View society as a loose grouping of seperate autonomous individuals. Abolish state and settle disagreements by reason to establish natural order. |
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How does individualist anarchism differ from collectivist anarchism? |
Individualists endorse private property and the pursuit of free economic competition to safeguard individual autonomy, achieved by gradual change |
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What is the egoist view of human nature? |
Humans are self-interested, lack morality and want total autonomy. Driven by egoism and act without restriction. |
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What is the egoist view of the state? |
Revolutionary overthrow of the state is necessary because state control and coercian limit individualism and personal autonomy. Reject social conventions. |
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What is the egoist view of society? |
Organised society incompatible with indivualism and personal autonomy. Form voluntarily 'union of egoists', making agreements to benefit themselves |
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What is the egoist view of economy? |
Rejects capitalism because employees are exploited and alienated. Free individuals reap benefits of work and property. |
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What is the anarcho-capitalist view of human nature? |
Humans are rational, competitive and economic. Innate sense of entitlement motivates them to work to acquire private property. |
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What is the anarcho-capitalist view of the state? |
State removed and it's functions taken over by the free market. Threatens economic freedom and competition. State taxation violates right of private property and represents institutionalised theft. |
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What is the anarcho-capitalist view of society? |
Competitor society where wealthy benefit most.free competition establish social balance and important services provided by free market. |
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What is the anarcho-capitalist view of economy? |
Unregulated free market for economic growth, effectively distribute goods, services and private property. Keeps prices low and quality high, and responds to consumer demand. |
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Who was Max Stirner? |
Leading figure in the egoist sub-strand of individualist anarchism. Rational/ self-interested individual takes precedence. New society created by insurrection rather than overthrow - Union of Egoists. |
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Who was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon? |
Links individualist and collectivist. Opposed private property and immoral state so should be removed and replaced by mutualism. |
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Who was Mikhail Bakunin? |
Founding figure in collectivist anarchism, opposed private property, capitalism, religion and state. Humans naturally sociable. Propoganda by deed to trigger revolution. |
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Who was Peter Kropotkin? |
Key theorist in the anarcho-communism who used scientific approach in Mutual Aid: A factor of Evolution (1902), allows human nature to flourish. Revolution to replace state and private property with a utopian future society. |
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Who was Emma Goldman? |
Advocated communal individuality which fused elements of individualist and collectivist anarchism. State is a cold monster and is immoral so should be rejected. Revolution is essential. |