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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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SOVEREIGNTY
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Legitimate or widely recognised ability to apply effective control of a territory within recognised borders. Provides states with authority to represent their territorial entity within the international community. Can be challenged internally, through separatist regions, or externally as a result of military invasion.
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NATIONAL INTEREST
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Outlines the goals or objectives of foreign policy and is used as an all-embracing concept to justify policy preferences and actions.
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POWER
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The ability of one global actor to influence the actions of another global actor.
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SECURITY
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The protection of a state's borders from intruders and the maintenance of sovereignty.
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ONE DIMENSIONAL VIEW
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- Use of force = usually militarily
- A makes B do something they usually wouldn't do - HARD POWER |
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TWO DIMENSIONAL VIEW
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- Control of knowledge
- A doesn't need to make B do anything, B has no choice - Support and agreements - SOFT POWER |
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THREE DIMENSIONAL VIEW
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- Norms and values legitimised within society to support "status quo"
- Diplomacy/negotiations/agreements - SOFT POWER - When a decision is made - Who decides how a decision is made - Who decides that a decision on an issue can be made - What decisions are not allowed to be made |
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GEOGRAPHICAL POWER
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- Size can deter invaders
- States that are well located in defensive terms have power enhanced - Aid in trade |
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POPULATION POWER
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- Must be related to economic strength
- More people = not necessarily a bigger military |
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POLITICAL SYSTEM POWER
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- Support for a states political leadership
- Recognition of sovereignty = political power asset - One-party state like China can act more decisively in a crisis = opposed to democracy |
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DIPLOMATIC POWER
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- Form of agreements and alliances
- Can be argued that it leads states into situations with significant military, economic and political costs -NATO = provides collective security BUT members obliged to protect others |
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CULTURAL POWER
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- Transportable cultural values create a receptive audience for a state's aims
- CHINA = focused on transmitting cultural values through establishment of 270 Confucius Colleges in 75 states and spent over $6.5 Billion on global expansion of Xinhua TV |
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MILITARY POWER
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- Capacity of military and to undertake military operations
- Depends on - $ spent on military - type and calibre of weapons - number of servicemen and women - morale, training and commitment - Threatened use of military power - Carrying out military exercises - Advertising improvements to military capacity - Guerrilla armies and attacks |
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ECONOMIC POWER
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- Larger economy = more $$$ spent on military
- GDP indicates wealth of state = needs to be spread equally - Assessed by seeing wether a state relies on imports of raw materials - Big economy = better positioned to use economic foreign policy instruments |
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HARD POWER
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- More tangible and works through coercion
- One dimensional view - Commonly applied through military forms |
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SOFT POWER
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- Ability to shape the actions of other global actors
- Diplomacy, cultures, policies, history - Negotiated matters - Two and three dimensional view |
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CHINA = 3 DAMS
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+ energy
+ stop flooding + water security = prevents flooding - Helps national interests of = population stability, food security, better health, better income, political stability |
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NATIONAL INTEREST
SECESSION AND TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OVERVIEW |
- Doesn't want any regions to seek, declare or attempt to attain independence
- Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Miao, Uigher - Fear that if any regions broke away it would encourage further separatism in the state - Undermining the power of government - Upsetting political stability |
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NATIONAL INTEREST
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OVERVIEW |
- Become second largest global trader = trade for 2007 $2.7 trillion >
- 7.8% growth in the 2009-2013 period - Growth exceeds that of any region in Asia-Pacific region |
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NATIONAL INTEREST
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT WTO |
- Rejoined WTO in 2001
- To be eligible for decreasing tariffs = as non-members they were subject to increased tariffs - China had to relax over 7,000 tariffs, quotas and other trade barriers - Feared that foreign competition would uproot farmers and destroy state owned enterprises |
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NATIONAL INTEREST
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FACILITATING FDI |
- Passing legislation to make FDI activities more effective
- January-May 2008 = FDI $42.78 billion, a 54.97% increase in 1 year - Aided in establishment of 11,000 new overseas funded enterprises - 2010 = 2nd most popular destination of FDI |
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NATIONAL INTEREST
SECESSION AND TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY CHEQUEBOOK DIPLOMACY |
- Limits support for secessionist provinces
- Use of economic aid/trade/investments as an incentive for Pacific Island region not recognise Taiwan - Limited Taiwanese support = only 6 states in Oceania region recognise sovereignty |
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NATIONAL INTEREST
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STIMULUS PACKAGES |
- $596 billion package
- Aimed at preventing weakening of economy - Construct new railways, subways, airports - Rebuild communities devastated by an earthquake in 2008 - Response to GFC - Covers 10 areas = low income housing, electricity, water, rural infrastructure, projects to protect environment and technical innovation |
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NATIONAL INTEREST
PEACEFUL RISE OVERVIEW |
- Needs to demonstrate to the world its unthreatening nature
- Imperative in its growth to be an influential actor - Aim to cultivate friendly relationships with its neighbours - Cant be too compliant = encouraging separatist movements - Don't want enemies = need relations for economic development e.g. Australia + iron ore = steel manufacturing |
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NATIONAL INTEREST
PEACEFUL RISE ACTION IN SOUTH SUDAN |
- Departing from tradition and taking action in other states internal conflicts
- Hands on approach in South Sudan represents new chapter in Chinese foreign policy - Facilitate mediation between regions - As a means to be a responsible and rising power |
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NATIONAL INTEREST
PEACEFUL RISE UN PEACEKEEPERS |
- Ramped up participation
- Biggest single contributor - Traditionally only played as support roles - 2012 = China dispatched combat troops to Mali to help reduce tensions in the country's north |
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NEW SECURITY CONCEPT 1998
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1. Muti-polarity and alignment/in their region communication is needed/similar foreign policy and security
2. Confidence in dialogue with neighbours/border agreements 3. Collaborating with Russia to counterbalance US power/hard power/threat 4. In Asia-Pacific region China is more important and influential than US/trade and supplies/alignment |
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PANDA DIPLOMACY
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- Commonly used to cement relationships with other states
- States they wish to have constructive relationships - Prefers to lend pandas with fees - SOFT POWER = used to conquer hearts of foreigners - UK = lent 2 pandas in 2011 as a part of £2.6 billion trade deal |
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THREE DIRECT LINKS POLICY
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- Direct air, mail and shipping services and trade across Taiwan strait
- Benefit economic development and bring 2 sides close = independence harder for Taiwan - Since 1991 = mainland is Taiwan's number 1 source of trade supplies |
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATION AND NATION-STATE
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The term nation refers to groups of people claiming common bonds based on culture, language and history. Some nations want their own state, such as the Tibetans and Kurds, whilst others have their own state and recognised sovereignty, such as the Japanese. In the case of the latter the term nation- state is used.
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CONFUCIUS COLLEGE OBJECTIVE
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The objective behind the establishment of these Colleges is the promotion of learning of Chinese culture and language abroad, and through doing so to encourage commercial and trade cooperation as well as more favourable opinions of the state and her actions.
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