Political Science Exam 2

Front 1

"Conflict of laws"

Regulates lawsuits involving the question of whose state's law should apply.

Property and Economic issues

Back 1

Private International Law

Front 2

"Law of nations"

Covers the conduct of the states and IGOs.

"World Court"

Back 2

Public International Law

Front 3

"World Court"

Legal body that deals with disputes between states.

Increasingly focuses on individuals and MNCs

Back 3

The International Court of Justice

Front 4

Regulates the conduct of individuals

Back 4

International Criminal Law

Front 5

Issues of genocide and crimes against humanity.

Serve to protect basic human rights.

Document: Universal Declaration of Human Right's

Back 5

International Human Right's Law

Front 6

Modern term for "Laws of War"

Covers combatanist civilians.

Document: The Four Geneva Conventions

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International Humanitarian Law

Front 7

Covers the determination of whether or not the was is justifiable-

"Just War Theory"

Back 7

Jus ad bellum

Front 8

Regulates the behavior of individuals and states once war has occured.

-Geneva Conventions-

Back 8

Jus in bello

Front 9

Argues that all individuals have basic human rights.
These rights are universal and cannot be modified by governments.

Grotius believed in this theory

Back 9

Natural Law School

"School of Thought in International Law"

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Father of International Law

Back 10

Grotius

Front 11

One basis for Natural law to discover universal rights.

Undeclaration of Human Right's is an example of Natural Law.

Back 11

Human Reason

Front 12

The revealed truth of God.

For many legalist theorists, unversal humn rights stem from a belief that right's are god given.

"All rights are equal before God"

Back 12

Religion

Front 13

1. There are diverse cultures, religions that undermine notions or universal right's

2. How do you implement God's Law?
-Different cultures define punishments as well as right's differently

Back 13

Problems with means of understanding Natural Law

Front 14

Rejected universal rights and notion of rights related to divine authority.

The source of international law is found in agreements of states (treaties).

"Black Letter" tradition

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Strict Positivist School

Front 15

1. States can reject international law if the wish.
-Undermines universality

2. States can refuse to abide by their agreements

Back 15

Problems with Strict Positivist School

Front 16

There is no such thing as international law.

The only issue which limits the behavior of states is the behavior of other states.

Back 16

Realist School

Front 17

Source of International Law:

Simply a written agreement between two or more states.

Most of the codification of International Law has taken place since WWII.

Back 17

Treaty

Front 18

Codify existing practices

Back 18

Type of Treaty

Front 19

Create new rights and obligations for states.

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Type of Treaty

The Landmine Treaty

Front 20

Under International Law, once a treaty is signed it must be followed.

Back 20

Principle of pacta sunt seuanda

(slave to the covenant)

Front 21

If states behave a certain way long enough, it becomes considered custom.

Practice and part of
"Customary International Law"

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International Customs

Front 22

The least important aspect of International Law

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Judicial Writings and Decisions

Front 23

International Law deals with ________ standing to bring a suit and to be sued.

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States

Front 24

Because of ________ the argument has been that historically inidividuals could not be tried for crimes committed against their own citizens.

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Sovereignty

Front 25

The World Court can only try states so historically, ________ were not subject to International Law

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Individuals

Front 26

Marked a change in which individuals were held accountable for crimes against individuals.

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Tokyo and Nuremburg

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The first court established to deal with individual accountability for human right's law violations dealt with _______.

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Former Yugoslavia

Front 28

The first court was the:

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International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)

Front 29

Tribunal other than ICTY:

Back 29

The International Criminal Tribunal for Rawanda (ICTR)

Front 30

These Tribunals were apart of:

Back 30

Purely International

Front 31

Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) and Extraordinary Chamber for Cambodia (ECCC)

Back 31

Mixed or Hybrid

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1. Genocide
2. War Crimes
3. Crimes against Humanity

Back 32

The four courts have jurisdiction over the three international crimes.

Front 33

1. Difficulty of arresting individuals

2. Temporary in nature

3. Selective nature of tribunals

Back 33

Limitations of these temporary tribunals (courts)

Front 34

The first ever permanent criminal court.
Rome Statute was signed which created the:

Back 34

International Criminal Court (ICC)

Front 35

1. State party can make a request

2. UN Security Council resolution can authorize a prosecution

3. The prosecuto can issue an indictment based on evidence

(propio moto- on his or her own accord)

Back 35

Can bring a case before the ICC:

Front 36

The UN's Executive Branch, led by the secretary general

Back 36

Secretariat

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Blue Helmets

Back 37

UN guards

Front 38

National laws that establish the conditions under which foreigners may:
1. Travel and visit within a state's territory

2. Work within the state

3. Become citizens of the state (naturalization)

Back 38

Immigration Law

Front 39

A branch of international law and political theory that defines when wars can be justly started and how they can be justly fought.

Back 39

Just War Doctrine

Front 40

An association of producers of consumers (or both) of a certain product, formed for the purpose of manipulating its price on the world market.

Back 40

Cartel

Front 41

The interest reat charged by governments when they lend money to private banks. The discount rate is set by countries' central banks.

Back 41

Discount Rate

Front 42

A mechanism by which some industrialized states began in the 1970s to give tariff concessions to third world states on certain imports; an exception to the most-favored nation principle.

Back 42

Generalized Systems of Preferences

Front 43

A government's decisions about spending and taxation, and one of the tow major tools of macroeconmic policy making.

Back 43

Fiscal Policy

Front 44

A government's decisions about printing and circulating money, and one of the two major tools of macroeconimic policy making.

Back 44

Monetary Policy

Front 45

A world currency created by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to replace gold as a world standard. Valued by a "basket" if batuibak currencies, the SDR has been called "paper gold"

Back 45

Special Drawing Right (SDR)

Front 46

The principles articulated by British economist John Maynard Keynes, used successfully in the Great Depression of the 1930s, including the view that governments should sometimes use deficit spending to stimulate economic growth.

Back 46

Keynesian Economics

Front 47

Statehood should be granted when an applicant meets certain criteria.

Politics should not enter the discussion of statehood.

Back 47

Declaratory Approach

Front 48

The first attempt to codify or formalize recognition of states

Back 48

The Montevideo Convention of 1933

Front 49

This Convention criteria included recognition based on a country having

1. Population
2. Territory
3. Government
4. An ability to engage in international relations

Back 49

The Montevideo Convention of 1933

Front 50

Rejects the Montevideo Convention.

Statehood is only placed on the political recognition of other states.

Back 50

Constitutive Approach

Front 51

The first discussion of the creation of this was in 1942

These discussions culminate in the creation of the Atlantic Charter.

By 1945 the ____ is founded in San Fransisco. There were originally 51 members.

Back 51

History of the UN

Front 52

1. Respect of the sovereignty of all memebers

2. Settle international disputes peacefully

3. Any force that is used will not be for aggressive purposes

4. States will contribute to UN enforcement activities (peace keepers)

Back 52

The principles of the UN Charter

Front 53

Number 1 of the UN structure

This is the organ of the UN that deals with issues of peace and security.
The 5 official members each have the power of the veto.

There are 10 rotating members.

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Security Council

Front 54

The five permanent members of the UN Security Council

Back 54

U.S., China, UK, France, and Russia

Front 55

This is the main parlimentary and budgetary organ of the UN.

It functions as a legislative body of the UN.

Back 55

General Assembly

Front 56

This is similar to an executive branch.

The secretary-General is in charge of the secretariat.

This is the main administrative body of the UN.

Back 56

Secretariat

Front 57

IPE

Back 57

International Political Economy

Front 58

A trade policy that developed in the 17th century during the creation of modern nation-states was dominant until the 19th century.

The goal of all economic activity including trade is to maximize the states wealth.

This state wealth is used to increase national security by purchasing weapons and men.

Back 58

Mercantilism

Front 59

According to this theory trade and economic wealth is used by the stat to purchase weapons and gain control over territory.

Advocates using economic power for political ends (politics is more than economics)

States protect certain key domestic industries.

Ex. agriculture and defense

Argues that there is no free trade- trade always benefits one state over the other~ zero sum game.

Today we call this protectionist.
The IR equivalent to realism

Back 59

Mercantilism

Front 60

This economic policy opposed mercantilism.

Adam Smith and David Ricardo are the leading economic liberals.

Argues that trade is non-zero-sum- every state can engage in trade for mutual benefit based on comparative advantage.

Place economics over politics.

Moves buyers towards equilibrium.

IR equal to neoliberalism.

Many think that free trade policies can only be pursued during a hegemon (economic, political, military leader)

Back 60

Liberalism

Front 61

The concept that states should specialize in which they have greater ability to reduce costs and trade for those products that they have less of an advantage in producing

Back 61

Comparative Advantage

Front 62

Trade is an international, public good that everyone can benefit from.

Many states decide to "free ride"

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Hegemonic Stability Theory

Front 63

States have an incentive during free trade to impose unilateral tariffs. If enough states do this, there is no free trade.

Back 63

Free Ride

Front 64

The economic leader that provides free trade as a public good.

Allows states to raise tariffs against it while creating open free markets

Back 64

Hegemon

Front 65

Based on the view that there is no separartion between economics and politics.

Back 65

Marxism

Front 66

This is a first stage of economic development.

Ends because of revolution

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Feudalism and Slavery

Front 67

This ends feudalism and is a higher stage of human development

Back 67

Capitalism

Front 68

This come about because of the poletariat revolution.

Back 68

Socialism

Front 69

Turns into an international economic theory.

Back 69

Marxism-Leninism

Front 70

Capitalist states need colonies for economic expansion.

IR equal to the dependency theory

Back 70

"Theory of Imperialism"

Front 71

Trade policy based on self-reliance.

Attempts to minimize tade so that the state does not become dependent on other states.

Back 71

Autarky

Front 72

Attempts to protect certain "key industries" and provide subsidies to exporters.

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Protectionism

Front 73

Tax on import goods

Back 73

Tariffs

Front 74

Safety and health regualtions that governments can use to preven imports based on safety concerns.

Back 74

Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs)

Front 75

A limit on the number of imported goods

Back 75

Quotas

Front 76

Cash or in-kind contributions from the state to manufacturers in less competitive industries.

Back 76

Export Subsidies

Front 77

The policy embraced by liberals.

Belief that trade promotes economic growth.

Back 77

Free Trade

Front 78

Attempts to promote free trade and reduce protectionalism:

Back 78

1. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
2. Recipocracy
3. Nondiscrimination

Front 79

This organization is created to work on a multilateral basis to reduce barriers and support free trade.

Back 79

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Front 80

The idea that trade concessions granted by one party must be matched by another party (bilateral)

Back 80

Recipocracy

Front 81

The basis for most favored notion trade status (MFN).

Any bilateral trade concession must be granted to all members (multilateral)

Back 81

Nondiscrimination

Front 82

A tariff is the most visible form of trade barrier and thus the easiest to dismantle

Back 82

Tariff Preferance

Front 83

The Uruguay Round proved that this did not work.

Back 83

GATT

Front 84

Creation of a more formalized trade dispute board (trade court)

Back 84

Major difference between the GATT to the WTO

Front 85

Every state is allowed to decide its currency. Two types:

Back 85

Hard
Soft

Front 86

I currency that is readily convertible

Back 86

Hard Currency

Front 87

Currencies in which individuals have less confidence and thus difficult to convert

Back 87

Soft Currency

Front 88

British Gold Standard

Back 88

Gold Standard

Fixed or Pegged Exchange Rate

Front 89

Policy wad decided at Bretton Woods.

Based on the strength of the US dollar backed by gold.

Back 89

Gold-dollar standard

Fixed or Pegged Exchange Rate

Front 90

More dollars in circulation than gold

Back 90

Dollar-glut

Front 91

Unilateraly took the US off the gold-dollar standard

Back 91

Nixon

Front 92

Created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank

Back 92

Bretton Woods

Front 93

Instead of governments solely determining the value of currency as in a fix, this currency's value is determined by the market.

The government is not restricted in their monetary policy

Back 93

Floating Exchange Rate

Front 94

Instability that the exchange system can cause

Back 94

Disadvantage of the Float

Front 95

States and the market determine the value of the currency.

The state pegs its currency but allows the currency to float within a certain level.

Ex. European Monetary System (EMS)

Back 95

Coordinated or Managed Exchange Rate

Front 96

Order after the Cold War.

Prime architect was Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Was delayed until after the Gulf War.

Back 96

"New World Order"

Front 97

Political authorities set prices and decide on quotas for production and consumption of each commodity according to a long-term plan.

Back 97

Centrally Controlled (Command) Economy

Front 98

If a price rises, fewer people are willing to buy.

If prices drop, more people are willing to buy.

Back 98

Demand Curve

Front 99

If the price rises, more sellers are willing to supply the item to buyers

If the price drops, fewer sellers are willing to supply the item

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Supply Curve

Front 100

Money flows out of a state to pay for importsand flows into the state to pay for exports.

Back 100

Current Account